Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Cultural Anthropology Comparison Essay Essay

Two authors published separate articles that discussed the effects of Technology on families and on society in general. These articles are Technology and Social Change: The Effects on Family and Community, written by Jan English-Lueck in 1998 and Communication technologies that will change our lives, written by Graham T. T. Monitor in 2003. However, while both authors discussed the same topic, which is how technology generally affects the lives of people, they differ in the areas that they focused on in their respective articles. Basically, English-Lueck, in his article, claimed that technology has not actually adversely affected the way family members communicate among each other, but has rather enhanced it. According to him, the most significant and most obvious impact of technology on a family is that a person’s working hours extend to his or her work home. In other words, a due to the massive enhancement of technology, a person brings his or her work home when he or she should be allocating that time for his or her family. Based on English-Lueck’s article, while this can initially be viewed as a negative impact, the fact is, technology has actually efficiently improved the way family members communicate among each other. For example, a family camping trip can easily be planned in a single afternoon through the use of a pager or an E-mail as compared to the conventional method of planning it over dinner. Moreover, according to the article, family members who spend most of their time at work can regularly check if their children by paging them or calling them using a cellphone. In addition, a person can respond to emergency duties at work through by using a fax machine. In other words, English-Lueck in his article claims that it is wrong to assume that products of technology has negatively affected the family life since it they have actually made communication between members more convenient and more constant. On the other hand, Graham T. T. Monitor’s article focused on how rapid technology has been increasing over the past years and how this has lead to breaking down barriers in communication. Basically, Monitor said that due to constant technological advancements, which he believes will soon match the speed and power of the human brain, the society and families, both young and old, can easily access all types of digital communication devices that can enable them to communicate among themselves anywhere and anytime. According to him, this is possibly the most important effect on the family because it bridges the distance between family members or kin that are far away from each other. In other words, Monitor claims that the technology is improving so rapidly that people would never have to worry about communication problems. In short, both authors claim that while technological advancements can initially appear overwhelming, it should not adversely affect the way families live their lives but rather improve it. According to them, as technology improves, families should adapt to these new changes and use them to their advantage. Furthermore, both English-Lueck and Montior agreed in principle that these technological enhancements make work, family management, and, most of all, communication more efficient and that these technological trends will continue in the future.

Understanding Research Methodology

Understanding Research Methodologyour site – Dissertation TopicsWhat is Research Methodology? The research methodology is an integral part of your study, and explains the methods you are planning to use to prove your thesis or answer your research question. As an example, if you would like to research what customers think about a new product, you will need to design a research methodology that accurately answers the question: either interviews, focus groups, or questionnaires. The purpose of the research methodology chapter is to explain how you will conduct the research, and which data collection/analysis methods you will use. The research methodology will detail: The framework of the research, including philosophies, assumptions, and theories The methods, procedures, and techniques you use to ensure the reliability and validity of the research The philosophical orientation of the research Justification for choosing the given research methodology The ethical considerations and limitations of the selected research method. Designing Your Methodology Research When you write your methodology for your research, you must already have a clear working hypothesis and research questions. Preparing your research design is a challenging task, and involves the following tasks: Defining the basis of information (qualitative, quantitative, or both) Determining the subject matter of the research: basic, or experimental Identifying the research methodology approach: longitudinal or cross-sectional Determining the sample design: Data collection methods The plan for the data collection and analysis Generalisation and interpretation You have to justify your research methodology decisions by showing your understanding of different techniques. You also need to be aware of the risks and limitations of the selected data collection and analysis method, and show your competency in using different data analysis. What to Include in Your Research Methodology We have already covered mixed research methods in a different article, so be sure to check it out, however, in order to inform your readers about the study you have undertaken, you have to include the research strategy, research method, research approach and assumptions, data collection methods and tools, sample selection, research process, data analysis techniques, ethical considerations, and research limitations. Below you can see what to include in each part of your methodology research. Research strategy You need to state how you will gather information, complete your analysis, literature review, and how you will draw conclusions. Research method You must choose between qualitative, quantitative, or mixed research methods. Research approach and assumptions You need to state whether or not your research is based on any assumptions or hypotheses, and how you will approach the topic. Data collection methods and tools Detail the strategy you will use to collect information: surveys, observation, statistics, or interviews, and list the tools and software you will use. Sample selection Provide a sample selection and inclusion/exclusion criteria. In case you complete a research involving people, state the demographics of the sample. Research process Draw up a research process map that lists all the steps you have to ensure that the data will be reliable and delivered in a timely manner. Data analysis techniques State how you will analyse the results, for example software, spreadsheet, or thematic analysis in case you conduct a qualitative research. Ethical considerations Show your understanding of the ethical issues that might arise during the research and state how you will handle them. Research limitations You can state the limitations of the methodology uses, potential bias, or small sample size.Research Methodology ExamplesThe research methodology is needed for most PhD Theses and dissertations. No matter if you are writing about patients’ experiences in a hospital or research new technologies in data protection, this chapter will be essential. Below you will find some examples of using methodology research descriptions the right way.Nursing Research Methodology: Dementia CareThis study details the methods used for literature search for an empirical study focusing on different interventions for dementia care. The structure of this methodology chapter is different, as the study focuses on comparing existing research studies and drawing a conclusion. Check out the nursing research methodology to see the structure.Quantitative Research Methodology SampleWriting a quantitative research methodology chapter should justify the selection of the data collection and analysis tools, and detail the methods, sampling strategy, and instruments used for collecting information. As you can see, this methodology research chapter includes the ethical considerations and the problems and limitations at the end of the section. Read a sample quantitative research methodology chapter.Business Case Study Dissertation Research MethodologyAs you can see, the research methodology chapter is uniquely designed for case studies. In this sample, the author provides dissertation philosophy and a clear description of the research approach: mixed methods research, as well as the research strategy, detailing each step’s aim, sample size, type of questions, and the method of data analysis. The writer also provides a detailed description of the sampling method, primary data collection, and data analysis methods separately for quantitative and qualitative information. Read the full case study methodology chapter.Research Methodology for Quantitative Surveys Including Time HorizonsIn this quantitative survey dissertation methodology chapter, you will find an introduction that justifies the selection of the methods and research strategy, as well as a research philosophy, research approach, strategy, and time horizons. If you take on a large scale research that will take months to complete, it is a good idea to provide a time horizon. In this sample chapter, you can see that the author utilizes both primary and secondary research, and carries out a longitudinal research consisting of multiple phases. Therefore, a timeline helps planning all the steps and gives the reader a clear idea about the work involved in this study.Do You Need Help with Writing Your Research Methodology?If you are still confused about where to start writing your dissertation research methodology chapter, and would like some help selecting the right data collection and analysis methods, you can get in touch with our friendly team at our site, who have already helped many students in the past getting their research finished to a high standard, advising them on topics, methodology, and structure. Submit your question and get professional help from one of our academic researchers.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Has society outgrown religion? Essay

Has society outgrown religion? // A hindrance to society or a useful delusion? Over eighty percent of the planet’s population partake in some form of religion, which would lead you to believe that it really does have a huge benefit to us not only as individuals but as an entire species. But could this be misleading? Once you remove the people from this eighty percent that follow religion only as a family tradition, or because it’s the simplest explanation to the questions for which they don’t have answers and leave the people that truly and honestly believe that religion is still in-date useful to society, one could argue that the number probably isn’t so overwhelming. Why is it that religion seems to have lost its veracity? It could be argued that religion just isn’t what it used to be; it no longer provides believable explanations for the phenomena that we as humans long to understand, such as the origin of the earth or even the origin of life itself. Nor can it provide feasible answers to questions such as â€Å"what is the meaning to life?† or â€Å"what is truly good?† So why is it that we no longer believe the answers and explanations provided by religion to be true (or even feasible)? Most of all, it’s the scientific processes allowed by vast technological advancement. Since the theories of Darwin, Galileo, Einstein, etc, which provide proof along with their explanations, the power of these old-age tales has been massively decreased whilst the urge to search for more and more scientific truths has rocketed. Although the advancement and application of science does not entirely rule out the possibility of a God (or intelligent designer), it does wash away the initial value of religion. Barely anyone believes in the tale of the earth being created in seven days, or that a man called Noah took two of every animal and put them on an arc whilst God caused forty days of floods or even that mankind begun with two people named Adam and Eve, so surely it would take a true idiot to believe in a heaven or hell and thus follow the moral values by which we should abide in order to avoid the misfortunate fate of ending up in â€Å"hell†. Could the idea of heaven and hell be something which is as beneficial to us as the advancement of science? The German philosopher Jurgen Habermas claims that religious thinking is the centre of a just and humane society; he states that things such as human rights and social order derive from Judeo-Christian thinking. â€Å"Even if society wanted to ‘outgrow’ religion, it would struggle to know where to go next.† This view is not dissimilar to that of Friedrich Nietzsche, who theorised that religion created ideas such as â€Å"sin† and thus guilt – which logically leads on to the fact that without the fears and rewards presented by religious teachings, humans would have very little reason to behave â€Å"morally† at all. So is it really the desire to hold society in this state of ‘morality’ and ‘social order’ that prevents the age-old tales religion from vanishing, or could it be something far closer to home? One could argue that religion is merely a means by which people find meaning and direction within their own lives. Organised religion provides us with a set of rules to live by and presents us with â€Å"rewards† for following them; we are given a sense of duty to fulfil our roles as humans by going good not only by others but by ourselves. Religion provides us with a sense of community, it lets us believe that there is a great man in the sky that is always there to listen; it creates a more realistic ‘ear’ in the form of church groups and other religion-based communities. Essentially it gives us the sense that we can do right, and that we can act in order to achieve the ‘ultimate individual goal’ – reaching heaven. Is reaching heaven really the ‘ultimate individual goal’ though? It seems entirely futile to waste potentially your only life aiming for something which may not even exist, and it makes no sense that we as people would be rewarded by God for spending our entire lives taking blind faith in something that we could only eschatologically verify. Looking at things from this point of view it seems that religion is not nourishing or useful to us as human beings, but in fact a complete hindrance. The vast amount of religions and the degrees by which they vary also creates a huge hindrance to us as a species; religion and the conflict between each separate one causes more bloodshed than anything else in the world. When people feel the need to violently attack each other in order to prove one God’s worth over another, and this is allowed (or even encouraged) by the rules within that religion it would seem that something is terribly wrong. It is also in this case that the promise of a heaven or hell for following the rules of religion is something which doesn’t benefit society, but instead leads individuals to believe that it is okay to commit homicide or suicide to fight for their cause, as God will still ‘love’ them. Essentially, religion is both a hindrance to us and a useful delusion. If only we could learn to take the â€Å"good bits† from religion such as the strong moral values, social order and general good will and learn to let go of some of the values that we really are beginning to outgrow – such as the things that science is now taking over – then religion would be of benefit to us all. Such an approach to religion could even take away the strength behind it that not only causes conflict and bloodshed, but causes us to potentially waste our lives by aiming for an afterlife that we cannot even guarantee exists. Either way, it seems that religion (and the values held within it) is going to be here for a long while yet.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Cell Fractionation and Mitochondrial Function Lab Report

Cell Fractionation and Mitochondrial Function - Lab Report Example n the case of rotors which hold the tubes on an angle) and, particularly in the first spin, cell membrane material may appear as a floating skin or pellicle on the surface of the tube. The remaining liquid in the tube is called the supernatant, or â€Å"supe† for short. The higher the concentration of mitochondria, the lower the absorbance density. This is because in the mitochondria cell membrane, there is an integral membrane protein referred to as succinate dehydrogenase that has the capacity to reduce the DCIP and when DCIP is reduced, the OD is reduced as well. Basing on the graphs represented above, it is clearly evident that the mitochondria came down in pellet from 12000xg.In graph representing tube 1, it is observed that the O.D decreased with time. This means that There was mitochondria in the solution which reduced the DCIP with time. The enzyme Succinate dehydrogenase is the one responsible for this reaction.In graph representing tube 4,it is observed that, there is no change of O.D with time.this means that mitochondria was absent indicating that there was no mitochondria in the supernatant. Hence went down in the pellet as indicated in graph representing tube 2.In graph representing tube 6 it is also observed that, there is no change in the O.D with time and this as well indicate that there was no mitochondria in the tube because it was water which was added. Therefore in conclusion, it is evident that the mitochondria came down in the

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Critique - Essay Example The authors are looking forward to the best possible outcomes of regulation and taxation of marijuana; in short, they talk about issues on legalization. Marijuana has become illegal because the government together with its law prohibits it in the first place. The authors define marijuana to be legal when it is already regulated by the government and so potential tax must be obtained out from it. The authors look forward to this as for the sole purpose of funding the government’s drug and law enforcement activities with the collected tax. Furthermore, they assume that this will potentially decrease marijuana’s level of consumption, as its price will surge up high as an upshot of taxation activity. Furthermore, the authors define the legalization of marijuana by supplementing it with the assumption or circumstance that is associated with its prohibition. The authors simply are trying to point out the assumption that legalizing marijuana will remarkably address gang crimes and violence that are associated with its distribution and usage. This would require substantial proofs in the first place which the authors unfortunately fail to elaborately discuss in their argument. Conversely, one of the probable strengths of the authors’ argument is its being positive about the subject matter especially on the cost and crime control. In fact, the entire argument is substantially focused on the cost and crime control. Furthermore, the authors talk about the practicality in dealing with marijuana usage and distribution concerns. They bring out the entire issue to be highly associated with the prevailing crimes that relate with marijuana usage and distribution. The authors are making the best of this opportunity to convince the public and policy makers with their stand by integrating into their arguments some important knowledge that comes from their areas of expertise. By profession, the authors are internal medicine specialist and police officer. It is therefore

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Strategic Management-Case study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Strategic Management-Case study - Research Paper Example They have been quite successful in providing a great experience to the consumers through their stores. The stores are planned at locations meant for social interaction among people between work and office. This particular strategy has helped Starbucks to attract a large number of consumers. Starbucks provided its consumers with a place where they could get together or meet people on a periodical basis when they were not working. This strategy followed with the idea of a leading brand of specialty coffee which is professed to be a reasonably priced luxury helped the company to fit in and promote the coffee culture among the consumers (Gambardella, 2009; Kachra, 1997). Starbucks has effectively recognized and projected itself to be a place apart from work and home where the consumers can indulge in some superior quality coffee and relax themselves. This image was developed by the company through proper planning of the stores and making them comfortable with the help of furniture and soothing music. Starbucks should adeptly leverage its capabilities as well as resources by offering an array of services along with the rich ambience. It should entail services like handicapped access, common spaces for the purpose of teamwork and alliance, wireless internet and also complimentary books (Gambardella, 2009; Kachra, 1997). They should also expand their menus in order to lead in the competition and to cater to the altering requirements of the consumers. Starbucks should keep bringing in fresh products. It should focus on expanding its stores at places where a high traffic is observed for the stores. Their stores need to be located at convenient places that would be easily accessible for people who are quite busy with their work schedule. Starbucks should also plan international advertising programs and venture into various distribution channels as well. Leveraging its resources and objectives through the suggested ways

Friday, July 26, 2019

The relationship of leadership to the politics of the organization Essay

The relationship of leadership to the politics of the organization - Essay Example (Fryer, 2004: 342) Upon examining the case of George Latour, the researcher will discuss the leadership style used by George followed by assessing the appropriateness of the leadership style. On the part of Shelley, the researcher will provide some recommended strategies that she could employ to enable her to better manage her boss. Prior to the main discussion, the researcher will assess the relative political position of George and Shelley as well as its implications on the leader-follower behavior. It is clear that George has been practicing autocratic or authoritarian leadership style. (Clark, 2005) Despite Shelley’s expertise in Marketing, George unconsiously directs Shelley on her every move causing her to feel very much demotivated with her job. In general, the use of authoritarian leadership style is more appropriate when the leader is training a new employee without any form of actual experience with the job. (Clark, 2005) Since Shelley has gained several successful experiences in the field of Marketing, George should apply a delegative or ‘free reign’ leadership style to empower Shelley to be a part of important Marketing-related decision-making. (Clark, 2005) When applying the delegative leadership style, George should develop a clear organizational goal which will serve as a guide on where the company as a team should focus. Upon discussing with Shelley her main goal, George should give her an ultimatum of three- to six-months period to come up with a good Marketing result. (Lawrie, 2004: 38) George should learn and adopt the transformational leadership style. (Goodnight, 2004: 36) In general, transformational leaders are the ones that do not practice positional authority. Instead of using authoritative leadership style, transformational leaders are committed to train and develop the rest of employees to become a leader

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Response to Peer Comments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Response to Peer Comments - Essay Example The Office of the Federal Register (2011) supports my view by noting that, a trading agreement specifies â€Å"the duties and responsibilities of each party to the agreement in conducting a standard transaction† (p. 811). I agree with you that economic institutions define the environment in which transactions occur. I also concur with you on the importance of the law as the institution that enables transactions to take place, which has multifaceted effects since it can limit and/or expand our opportunities. Hence, I agree with you that there will be less return on investment without the institution of law since it acts as a deterrent to criminal elements. I concur with you that economic institutions are important to spur economic growth since they influence many sectors of the economy. However to add to you argument, I also think that political institutions play a significant role in economic growth. To put this into perspective, kindly allow me to use the case of the two Koreas, which were one country. After the two countries split, the North became a dictatorship while the South became a democratic nation. In effect, South Korea’s democratic political institutions were instrumental in the country’s economic growth, in comparison to the North (Glaeser, Porta, Silanes, &Shleifer, 2004, p. 273). Hence, this agrees with your notion that different institutions have a relationship with different degrees of efficiency, potential for economic growth, and the different distribution of the gains across different individuals and social

Introduction to Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to Entrepreneurship - Essay Example He or she does so with the drive to get profits, but they must also be bold enough to bear the risks that go with doing business. An entrepreneur may have employees or may work independently. What inspires me to Learn from Successful Entrepreneurs? What inspires me to learn from successful entrepreneurs is the qualities they posses that makes them successful. Their characteristics include â€Å"creativity, dedication, determination, flexibility, leadership, passion, self-confidence, and â€Å"smarts† (U.S. Department of State/Bureau of International Information Programs, 2012, p. 2). Creativity: this is the driving force behind invention of new products or creating new ways to do business. Successful entrepreneurs possess this quality and by looking at what they did you can come up with your own invention or improve on what they did. Sisamos, the owner of Engino.net Ltd, says that the beauty of being an entrepreneur is that you create your own destiny (European Commission, 20 09, p. 55). Dedication: It is what makes the entrepreneurs to work hard. Looking at successful entrepreneurs, they are always working. They created a new idea and they have to make it work. Looking at their lives, you can gauge yourself if you are ready for the undertaking. Determination: this is the inbuilt desire of an entrepreneur to succeed. He or she is not discouraged by failure and persistently keeps trying until he or she succeeds. Learning from them is of great value because it encourages one not to give up in the business undertaking. Flexibility: this is the ability to respond to the changing market trends. Learning from the lives of successful entrepreneurs, you will find that some of them at one time had to change products/ services or introduce new products /services. Their success story prepares you for any eventuality when starting a business and to be prepared for change. Passion: successful entrepreneurs have the ability to convince others about their vision. They are focused, and it is important to look at their plans in order to become a successful entrepreneur. Self-confidence: successful entrepreneurs believe in themselves. They plan thoroughly to reduce uncertainty and risk. They listen but they are not easily swayed. This is a character that is admirable among the entrepreneurs. â€Å"Smarts†: this is a combination of common sense, knowledge, and experience in a similar or related business undertaking. The main contributors of smarts are employment, skills, and education. We can learn a lot from the â€Å"smarts† of various successful entrepreneurs. To me, entrepreneurship is a mix of many elements; however, one has to be inventive in order to venture into this field; he or she has to do a thorough market study to see what lacks in the society and come up with an economic activity that will help close that gap. An entrepreneur is majorly a creator and also a destroyer: by creating a new way to do things one may render old methods obsolete. He or she would have helped one group while rendered another group jobless. Biography of Anita Roddick In this biography, I am going to look into the life of Anita Roddick and single out the entrepreneurship characteristics in her. These characteristics include creativity, dedication, determination, flexibility, leadership, passion, self confidence, and â€Å"smarts†. Anita Roddick was born in Littlehampton in 1942 (Bio, 2012). Her

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Boxing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Boxing - Essay Example The traditional 'good old English method of deciding a quarrel' had always been to punch one another with bareknuckles, and the English despised the French method of using the feet for kicking, considering it to be unmanly, foreign and cowardly (Savate, 2005). This loathing for kickboxing, or savate, helped boxing to maintain its stronghold in Europe. The individual known as "the Father of Boxing" Jack Boughton, assisted in that growth by developing the first set of rules for the sport. He published those rules in 1743. His rules held sway until 1865 when the Queensbury Rules were written publicized. The Queensbury Rules were created by John Douglass who was the Eighth Marques of Queensbury. He was the person who introduced the three-minute round and the use of regulated boxing gloves. 4. If either participant falls, he must get up unassisted, and is given ten seconds to do so. The other participant must return to his corner while the fallen man attempts to rise. When the fallen man is on his legs, the round is to be resumed until the three minutes has lapsed. If the man does not rise in the ten seconds allowed, the referee awards the win to the other man. 7. 5. A man hanging on the ropes with his toes off the ground is considered down. 6. No seconds in the ring during the round. 7. Should the contest be stopped by any unavoidable interference, the referee names the time and place to finish as soon as possible, so that the match can be won or lost, unless the backers agree to a draw. 8. The gloves are to be fair-sized, new and of the best quality. 9. Should a glove burst or come off, it must be replaced to the referee's satisfaction. 10. A man on one knee is considered down, and if struck is entitled to the stakes. 11. No shoes or boots with springs allowed. 12. The contest is to be governed in all other respects by the revised rules of the London Prize Ring. (Queensbury Rules, 2003)Most experts agree that these rules came into existence primarily due to the 'rough' nature of the sport and the 'fight to the death' mentality. Boxing/pg 3 Joyce Carol Oates, author of On Boxing says; "How can you enjoy so brutal a sport, people sometimes ask me" (Oates, 1987, pg 4). This question has been asked since the sport's beginning and is a question asked many times by those opponents of boxing who advocate a ban on the sport. Oates continues by answering the question in the following manner; "Life is like boxing in many unsettling respects. But boxing is only like boxing" (Oates, 1987, pg 4). Is that the answer to this sport's popularity or is it just part of the complexity of the sport, its participants and its fans There are just as many individuals who advocate continuing the sport as there are opponents to the sport. Each side of a boxing ban espouses good points and each side seems to be ardent in making those points known. This fervency makes for an interesting debate in the matter of a boxing ban.Two such prominent individuals are Dr Adrian Whiteson and Vivienne Nathanson. Dr Whiteson is the Chief Medical Officer for

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

You Need to Be Born an Entrepreneur Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

You Need to Be Born an Entrepreneur - Article Example It has always kept the mankind thinking, ‘what is the key to success?’, ‘is there a devised formula for it or you should have in your gene to excel’. Success is the most tempting and sought after the object of all time, it has been an obsession for every human being and our driving force. This makes it a valid and crucial subject to analyze. In some circles, it is strongly believed that you have to be born an entrepreneur to become an entrepreneur. They have a very strong theory and of course some decent examples to follow their belief. It is thought that you have to have it in your gene to be successful. A good example of that is Luke Johnson, who is the proud owner of not one but three enterprises; Pizza Express, Strada and Patisserie Valerie. He confesses that his entrepreneurial skills are a gift from his parents, mainly father since he has always been self-employed and a great source of inspiration (Treanor, 2013). It is learned through studies that it is very likely for a person to become an entrepreneur if he has a close affiliation with a person who is self-employed, most commonly a family member or a friend. Economics Professors, David Blanchflower, of Dartmouth College US, and Andrew Oswald, from the UK's University of Warwick, agrees to this hypothesis that if a parent is self-employed it is more likely for their children to become self-employed, i.e. entrepreneurs (Treanor, 2013). It is also a common belief that if you acquire certain characteristics, then you are more likely to end up as an entrepreneur. It is stated by some members of the Young Entrepreneur Council (YEC) that you need to pose some qualities by default (or birth).  

Monday, July 22, 2019

Super Size Me Essay Essay Example for Free

Super Size Me Essay Essay SuperSize Me shows that the food industry is to blame for the obesity epidemic in America. Do you agree? –Agree. Throughout the film, SuperSize Me shows that the food industry is to blame for the obesity epidemic in America. After watching the film, one would evidently come to terms with the fact that these industries are to blame. Spurlock presents information, outlining that these companies are only out to get your dollar, regardless of how they achieve their profits. As they continue to grow, these fast food industries find new ways to mass produce their food, quickly and cheaply. This in turn, sacrifices the quality of the food, as SuperSize Me emphasizes the cheap and health threatening ingredients they inject into their food though cartoons and other visual aids to help illustrate. Advertising also plays a major role in the companies’ scheme to inculcate their messages in your thinking, so you buy their product the next time you pass their stores. The film also goes on to highlight that the convenience of these stores along with the addictive elements appended to them, will only have a short term effect on the consumer, stating if these â€Å"trends† continue for the average obese American, the average obese American may not be around for much longer. As one of the highlights of the film, SuperSize Me continually brings up the danger of fast foods has on our health. Spurlock shows the audience this each time he goes for his regular check up with his recruited army of doctors. Each time he attends, his heath clearly declines from its point of origin when the only dependent variable changing his body, is the food he consumes. Until the end of his diet, his ‘glorified’ poor health is accentuated through the words of his health experts as a result of the food he had been consuming. From a point of view outlining film technique, Spurlock ‘intimidates’ the audience with a disturbing 20 lbs. (9kg) jar full of fat placed on the table. This was a confronting move he played in order to get his audience thinking about the reality of the danger in fast food when it is placed in front of the individual. Even more so, Spurlock consumed 30lbs. of sugar by the end of his diet. Mostly in the coke, the sugar also accounted for about 10% of the meal, that is, the buns, meat and fries. The poor quality of the food also adds to the problem, in one snippet of the film, Spurlock continues about the â€Å"McFrankenstein† elements of meat they compose together to create foods â€Å"not utilised by the home cook. In this case, chicken nuggets were the issue. SuperSize Me also informs the audience of the use of advertising, and its psychological effects it can have on individuals. Fast food giants have learned that inculcating their messages into consumers’ minds; will get them in their stores and purchasing their products more often. They have seen advertising as an investment rather a waste of money as they spend â €Å"1. billion dollars on direct media advertising worldwide in 2001† By repetitively bombarding individuals with their brand or logo essentially brainwashes the way they make calculated decisions, next time meal time comes around. This is known as â€Å"brand imprinting† and the film focuses on how this infiltrates the minds of children in particular, stating each child will see â€Å"at least 10,000 advertisements on fast food alone each year. † Children chanting about the fast food brands at the start of the film is a great example of this; the repetitive chant effectively inundates the mind with constant thought of food. These brands aren’t just a food service; they are a basis of comfort as children conduct in playful games around these brands as if they are a part of their life. Spurlock conducted a small experiment on a handful of children to test this brand imprinting. He showed the kids multiple flash cards, each with an icon or image on it such as Wendy’s, Jesus, etcetera. Each time McDonalds came up, every child was able to identify it. Essentially, the bottom line of brand imprinting is to create a positive experience for the consumer at a young age. By doing so you create a safe haven for the customer experience, and as they become adults free to make their own decisions they are then hooked on the products of the company produces, and continues to purchase them. As the generations progress, this can pose a new problem with obesity having an echo effect on the generations to come. The convenience of these stores also contains contributing factors to the obesity epidemic. SuperSize Me shows fast food companies have made it too easy for consumers to get their hands on their products through the plethora of ways you can get your food. All too many times the audience is shown Spurlock receiving his food through the drive-thru or home delivery, but in some cases he will get it himself generally when McDonalds is just down the stairs from the sky rise he is in. The availability of these restaurants is also quite remarkable, Spurlock states â€Å"McDonalds operates over 30,000 restaurants in more than 100 countries on six continents† not to mention most of them never close up shop. On the other hand, some people seem to think that exercising personal responsibility can be the answer to the obesity casualty. This may be possible; however it is short-sighted thinking to overlook the facts about how these food giants have achieved to get to where they are now and continue to do. If we could exercise personal responsibility, then why didn’t we do so when these companies were at their weakest? They are where they are now because they worked around our will power with subtle plans of attack. SuperSize Me has given clear evidence that these food industries are a problem, and has taken an unfortunate turn to result in the harm of our general wellbeing. We can stop them by demanding change, rather than suing them for our problems we can go to our government and demand guidelines by which these companies has to follow by to serve fresh, healthy food that’s not loaded up with sugar and fat. By eating these foods, â€Å"we are part of the problem, but we are also part of the solution. † Wether chose to take action depicts the quality of life we bestow upon ourselves and future generations. â€Å"I guess the big question is, who do you want to see go first? You? Or them? †

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Social Policy: Descriptive and Analytical

Social Policy: Descriptive and Analytical Social policy as an academic subject is both descriptive and analytical. Discuss drawing on at least three academic references. In this essay the author will define social policy as an academic subject and show that despite the fact that social policy draws on other academic social science subjects it is different because it is based upon a distinct empirical focus support for the well-being of citizens provided through social action (Alcock 2008:3). The author will show how as an academic subject social policy is both descriptive and analytical and will give examples. Social policy as an academic subject is difficult to describe as it is both the search of theoretical norms on how society should behave and the practical application and implementation of policies, which are considered to be social (Alcock et al 2004:1). The purpose of these policies is to improve welfare and to meet human needs (Blakemore, K. 2003:1). Spicker (2008:1) defines social policy as the study of social services and the welfare state. The study of social policy, originally known as social administration mainly pertains to social services and includes social security, housing, health, social work and education, these being described by Spicker (2008:1) as the big five. Social policy as an academic subject draws on other subjects such as economics, politics, history, psychology and sociology and has been described as a magpie subject by Blakemore (2003:3). These other subjects offer background information about the many aspects required to understand and develop social polic ies such as the effects of industrialisation and changes in social conditions, population changes, concepts of class, status and mobility. Understanding sociology gives a better understanding of industrial relations, minority groups and social control (Titmuss 1974:15). However, social policy as an academic discipline differs from these other subjects because it is based on a distinct empirical focus support for the well-being of citizens provided through social action (Alcock, P. 2008:3). Social policy as an academic subject has been described as the study of policy practice in order to contribute to policy reform. It combines both descriptive and prescriptive elements Becker (2008:11). Carlson (2004:89) contends that the descriptive element of social policy is normally involved in the production of classifications to make comparison easier, or to show the inter-relationships between cases. According to Spicker (2008:2) Titmuss suggested that social policy describes how policies are formulated and the consequences of policies. Social policys main focus is welfare and it describes peoples needs or problems such as poverty, housing, mental illness or disability (Spicker 2008:4). Social policy describes the origin and aims of a policy, how a policy is implemented and the results, either good or bad (Spicker 2008:5). Fitzpatrick (2001:4) wrote that social administration was concerned with the how and the what of social policy . An example of this descriptive element of so cial policy in practice can be found in a background paper on drugs and drug dependence written by Richard Hartnoll (2004). Hartnoll discusses how many people, what type of people use drugs, the type drugs they use, prevention, treatments and reduction in supply. This descriptive data contributes to addressing policy questions in relation to the impact of drug use on individuals and society. Descriptions also help to assess needs and deal with whether or not there are adequate resources to deal with the problem. Hartnoll concluded that although descriptions of the drug situation and policies had improved in Europe, that gaps remained and much more needed to be done in analysing policies. The study of social policy requires the rigorous linking of theoretical analysis with empirical enquiry. Social policy needs to analyse policies, their goals and impacts and consider if these policies achieve their goals, or if not, why not (Bochel 2005:7-8). According to Carlson (2004:88-89) Best and Kellner make a comparison between social theories and road maps, saying that in order to analyse, discuss and intervene in social processes we need to use maps to see how society is structured. Theoretical perspectives or belief systems, referred to as ideologies of welfare (George and Wilding, 1994:1) play an important role in the analytical aspect of social policy. Ideologies have three main components as described by Baldock et al (2007:69-70). The first is a view, which stresses or explains argument without giving weight to other viewpoints. The second is the view of groups or individuals who have something to gain from an argument. The third and final component of an ideology is ho w it deals with more than one issue and refers to a wider set of coherent ideas. Analysing social policies in relation to lesbians, gay men and bisexuals in Ireland show how the ideologies of the Catholic Church have in the past influenced social policy. Sex between men was criminalized in Ireland in 1634 and was punishable by death. Amendments were made to this act broadening the scope from buggery to gross indecency in 1885. With the foundation of the Irish Gay Rights Movement in 1974 came the push to decriminalise homosexuality. David Norris took a case to the High Court in 1977 in which he challenged his constitutional rights of privacy and equality. This case was unsuccessful and the judgement of the High Court included reference to homosexuality been condemned in Christian teaching as being morally wrong. The High Court also judged that homosexuality posed damage to the institution of marriage. The Catholic Churchs ideologies are evident in this judgement. Norris was successfu l in 1988 when he took his case to the European Court of Human Rights. Homosexuality was eventually decriminalized in the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act of 1993 (Considine, Dukelow 2009:438-443). In conclusion the author has defined social policy as an academic subject and explained the differences between social policy and other social science subjects. The author has explained how social policy is descriptive and illustrated this with the example from Hartnoll. The author has also shown how social policy is analytical and why when analysing policies consideration must be given to the influence of ideologies as demonstrated with the example given from Considine and Dukelow. List of References Alcock, Cliff., Payne, Sarah., Sullivan, Michael. (2004) Introducing Social Policy, England: Pearson Education Limited Alcock. Pete. (2008) The Subject of Social Policy, p. 3 in Alcock, Pete., May, Margaret and Rowlingson, Karen (eds), The Students Companion to Social Policy, 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Baldock, John., (2007) Welfare, Ideology, and Social Theory in Baldock, John., Manning, Nick., Vickerstaff, Sarah., (eds) Social Policy 3rd ed, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Becker Saul.(2008) Methods and Approaches in Social Policy Research in Alcock, Peter, May. Margaret and Rowlingson, Karen., (eds) The Students Companion to Social Policy 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Blakemore, Kenneth (2003) Social Policy an Introduction 2nd ed, Berkshire: Open University Press Bochel, Hugh (2005) Introducing Social Policy in Bochel, Hugh., Bochel, Catherine., Page, Robert and Sykes, Rob., Social Policy: Issues and Developments, Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Carlson, Judith (2004) Theoretical Principles and Concepts in Alcock, Cliff., Payne, Sarah., Sullivan, Michael., Introducing Social Policy, Essex: Pearson Education Limited Considine, Mairà ©ad., Dukelow, Fiona., (2009) Irish Social Policy, A Critical Introduction Dublin: Gill Macmillan Ltd Fitzpatrick, Tony (2001) Welfare Theory: An Introduction, Campling, Jo (consultant editor) London: Palgrave George, Vic., Wilding, Paul., (1994) Welfare and Ideology Essex: Prentice Hall Europe Hartnoll, Richard (2004) Drugs and drug dependence: linking research, policy and practice, background paper for Pompidou Groups Strategic Conference on connecting research, policy and practice, Strasbourg. Germany: Koelblin-Fortuna-Druck Lavalette, Michael., Pratt, Alan.,(eds) (1998) Social Policy A Conceptual and Theoretical Introduction , London: Sage Publications Inc Spicker, Paul (2008) Social Policy Themes and Approaches 2nd ed, Bristol: The Policy Press Titmuss, Richard. (1974) The International Perspective, in Abel-Smith, Brian and Titmuss, Kay (eds), Social Policy an Introduction, London: Unwin Hyman Ltd

Tissue Culture Studies In Pecan Biology Essay

Tissue Culture Studies In Pecan Biology Essay In the words of Paek and Read (2007), modern biotechnology owes much to its roots derived from plant tissue culture and micropropagation. Gottileb Haberlandt (1902) is referred to as the Father of Tissue Culture, is often cited as the origin and emergence of plant tissue culture and its subsequent application. Plant tissue culture techniques have become a fundamental tool for studying and solving basic and applied problems pertaining to agriculture, industry, environment and health in plant biotechnology. These techniques have greater impetus in the field of propagation (Islam, 1996). Plant tissue culture is multi-dimensional field that offers excellent prospects for plant improvement and crop productivity (Jain, 2001). Since the establishment of cultivation of plants, mankind is looking for methods that aids in the mass multiplication of plants using minimum quantity of propagules. The ultimate result of their enquiry leads to the development of tissue culture techniques. Woody plan ts having economic significance are generally propagated by seeds. Propagation of plants through tissue culture has become an essential and popular technique to reproduce crops that are otherwise difficult to propagate conventionally by seed and/or vegetative means. Pecan is a hardwood tree species of great economic importance for its nut fruits and usually propagated through seeds. Grafting and budding are the other conventional methods of propagating Pecan. Due to several limitations in conventional propagation methods certain relatively newer tissue culture techniques were developed for tree improvements. Different plant parts such as apical meristem, nodal explants, cotyledons or leaf explants were used for micropropagation of woody trees. For multiple shoot induction cotyledonary nodal explants have been used in tree propagation (Das et al., 1996; Pradhan et al., 1998; Das et al., 1999; Purohit et al., 2002; Walia et al., 2003). Genetic variations during callus cultures and mic ropropagation of trees have also been reported (Gupta and Varshney, 1999). Some molecular markers such as RAPD and AFLP has been also been used to detect genetic variations among in vitro clones (Gangopadhyay et al., 2003). In vitro studies for Pecan improvement throughout the world are generally scanty. Tissue culture techniques have been developed for several tree crops, but previous efforts with Pecan have shown that it is difficult to propagate by in vitro methods (Wood, 1982). These techniques have been used in Pecan mainly for the purpose of clonal propagation. Despite the fact that it is also found in Northern areas of Pakistan (Abbotabad). So far, nothing has been done for its growth and multiplication in Pakistan. There is to-date a short-fall in Pecan nuts and its products throughout the world because of the lack of rapid micropropagation methods for this tree species and disease attack during the last two decades. Various aspects of research on Pecan includes; studies on propagation (Smith et al., 1974), seed germination and dormancy (Dimalla and Van Staden, 1977), micropropagation (Hansen and Lazarte, 1984), seed maturation and germination (Wood, 1984), somatic embryogenesis (Rodriguez and Wetzstein, 1988), adventitious regeneration (Long et al., 1995), cell suspension cultures (Burns and Wetzstein, 1997), Manganese deficiency (Smith and Cheary, 2001), effect of Zinc supply on growth and nutrient uptake (Kim et al., 2002a), effect of nitrogen form and nutrient uptake (Kim et al., 2002b), forcing shoot tips and epicormic/ latent buds (Preece and Read, 2003). In this section a brief review of work is given in a manner so as to highlight the current status of the research work in Pecan tissue culture. 2.1.1 Micropropagation Micropropagation is the art and science of plant multiplication in vitro (McCown and McCown, 1999). As a concept, micropropagation was first presented to the scientific community in 1960 by Morel producing virus-free Cymbidiums. Micropropagation is a sophisticated technique for the rapid and large-scale propagation of many tree species. It has a great commercial potential due to extremely high speed of multiplication, the high plant quality and the ability to produce disease-free plants. Micropropagation has been applied to several woody tree species (Bonga and Von Aderkas, 1992). Generally, woody plants are recalcitrant to in vitro regeneration (McCown, 2000). The pertinency of micropropagation for woody trees has been confirmed feasible since the aspects of the system have established that trees produced by this method are similar to those produced by traditional methods (Lineberger, 1980). Furthermore, Lineberger (1980) however, described that the major impact of plant tissue cult ure will not be felt in the area of micropropagation, however in the area of controlled manipulations of plants at the cellular level. Many workers have reported propagation of Pecan through conventional methods (Smith et al., 1974; Brutsch et al., 1977). However these methods suffer several limitations thus provide few propagules from selected individuals (Tiwari et al., 2002). Several efforts at Pecan tissue culture were reported by Smith (1977) and Knox (1980) but neither was successful in establishing plants in soil. However, Knox obtained few shoots and plantlets when inverted nodal cuttings were used in vitro which upon transplanting did not survive. Later, Knox and Smith (1981) successfully proliferated in vitro axillary shoots of Pecan using seedling explants. Success was limited to the formation of callus with only few shoots and root formation. Major drawbacks to clonally propagate Pecan are the poor rooting and their survival rate after transplanting to greenhouse (Brutsch et al., 1976). In 1982, Wood successfully induced shoot proliferation in axillary buds of nodal explants and reported that synthetic hormones with combination of 4.0 mg/ litre BA and 1.0 mg/ litre IBA were most effective for shoot proliferation. Gibberellic Acid (GA3) at 3.0 mg/ litre plus 0.1 mg/ litre. BA also enhanced shoot elongation although he was unable to subculture shoots and rooting was not achieved. In another work performed by Hansen and Lazarte (1982) shoots were proliferated from juvenile Pecan in vitro and limited success was reported in terms of rooting. Hansen and Lazarte (1984) obtained single node cuttings from 2-month-old Pecan seedlings and induced bud break to from multiple shoots on liquid WPM and 2 % glucose supplemented with 3.0 mg/ litre 6-Benzylamino purine (BA). The shoots developed in vitro adventitious roots and showed vigorous root system with profuse lateral branching from primary roots on transferring to soil after soaking in 10 mg/ litre IBA for 8 days. Corte-Olivares and co-workers (1990a) reported a procedure for propagating Pecan using explants from adult trees. They collected nodal explant material during two consecutive seasons from grafted Western Schley trees. Specific trees representing the vegetative phase, partially bearing phase and fully bearing phase were identified and three collections of axillary buds were made from them each year. Buds were cultured on Dunstan and Short (1977) basal medium supplemented with 0.51 mM ascorbic acid and 4.4 Â µM BA. They found severe contamination problem which resulted in the data that was not amenable to statistical analysis in five of six collections of explants. Even so, in one of these five collections, shoot development and multiplication was observed during second and third culture passages from transitional tree while in four collections from juvenile tree explants. Amenable data found in one or six collections where explants of all three-donor tree phase responded with shoot m ultiplication. The results of this preliminary study indicated that selected adult phenol types had a potential for clonally micropropagating Pecan. 2.1.2 Somatic Embryogenesis Somatic embryogenesis has been known in tissue cultures of a wide range of higher plants, including both angiosperms and gymnosperms (Halperin, 1995). Somatic embryogenesis is a valuable tool of interest in plant biotechnology for its potential applications in clonal propagation, genetic transformation and studies involving embryo development. In addition, somatic embryogenesis is also used for regenerating transgenic trees. It involves the development of somatic cells into embryos, which proceeds through a sequence of morphological stages that resembles zygotic embryogenesis (Dodeman et al., 1997; Dong and Dunstan, 1999). It has been reported in several temperate and tropical tree species (Gain and Gupta, 2005). It is reported that many species of tropical fruit trees could produce somatic embryos in tissue culture (Litz, 1985). In another study, temperate fruit species including apple, sweet cherry, grapes, guava etc. have also been reported to produce somatic embryos (Tisserat et al., 1979; Ammirato, 1983; Rai et al., 2007). A successful somatic embryogenesis has been reported in members of the Pecan (Carya illinoensis) family (Juglandaceae), i.e., Juglans nigra, Juglans hindsii using immature zygotic embryo explants (Tulecke and McGranahan, 1985). However, the application of somatic embryogenesis for the improvement of Pecan is still limited as a result of problems with low initiation frequencies, maintenance of embryogenic cell lines and low conversion rates. Somatic embryogenesis is best known as an alternative pathway to propagate Pecan via methods of tissue culture mainly due to high multiplication rates, formation of organized root and shoot axes and feasibility of mechanization. A number of studies have focused on Pecan somatic embryogenesis and conversion to complete plantlets (Merkle et al., 1987; Wetzstein et al., 1988; 1989; 1990; Corte-Olivares et al., 1990b and Yates and Reilly, 1990). Somatic embryogenesis has been used for induced regeneration from in vitro tissue culture, occurring indirectly from callus, cell suspension, or protoplast culture or directly from cells of an organized structure such as stem segment or zygotic embryo (Williams and Maheswaran, 1986). They also described the fundamental homologies between direct and indirect somatic embryogenesis and between single cell and multiple cell initiation. The observed pattern of morphogenesis depends whether a group of cells establish and maintain coordinated behavior a nd influenced by factors, which affect intercellular communication. McGranahan et al., (1987) obtained genetic transformation using somatic embryogenic cultures in Juglans. Wetzstein et al., (1996) suggested that somatic embryogenesis has the potential for propagating Pecan rootstocks and useful in introducing genes of commercial interest. Merkle et al., (1987) induced somatic embryogenesis from immature zygotic embryos of Pecan cultivars Stuart and Desirable, within one month following transfer from modified WPM with 2.0mg/litre 2, 4-D and 0.25 mg/litre BA in the light to hormone-free medium in the dark but with low embryogenic frequency. Wetzstein and co-workers (1988) however, improved the embryogenic frequency up to 40 % for some explants sampling stages of Pecan. In another study, Wetzstein and co-workers (1989) examined the effect of cultivars, sampling date, tree source of explants and duration on conditioning medium for the optimum production of somatic embryos in two cvs. (Stuart and Desirable) of Pecan. Significant variations in embryogenic response were observed in both the cultivars. A short term exposure to 2, 4-D was shown to be quite adequate for embryogenesis in Pecan. Immature zygotic embryos collected in a developmental stage of rapid cotyledon expansion showed highest embryogenic response, i.e., 54.7 % in Desirable and 85.2 % in Stuart. No signification effect of duration on conditioning medium on embryogenic response was observed in both the cultivars. In Stuart, effect of different trees as explant sources was not significant but found significant in Desirable. However, plant regeneration and transplantation remained a limiting factor. Later, Corte-Olivares and co-workers (1990b) reported the induction of somatic embryogenesis in two cultivars (Western Schley and Wichita) with low developmental frequencies into complete plantlets. Growth regulators with different combinations had a significant effect on induction of embryogenic callus. They proved that medium containing 2, 4-D was most effective for the induction of embryogenesis. The individual shoots isolated from shoot multiplication cultures were rooted with 49 % frequency upon culture for 4 weeks on BDS (Dunstan and Short) medium containing 14.8Â µM IBA. Their results indicated the potential to successfully obtain complete plants from Pecan somatic embryos. Studies of Yates and Reilly (1990) on relation of cultivars response on somatic embryogenesis and subsequent plant development revealed that explants of micropylar region when removed from fruits in the liquid endosperm stage were more embryogenic than the intact ovules. Medium containing auxin alone or auxin and cytokinins produced more somatic embryos than medium containing cytokinin alone. Furthermore, Wetzstein et al., (1990) examined effects of zygotic embryo explanting time and auxin type on somatic embryogenesis during conditioning in Pecan (Carya illinoensis). Maximum embryogenesis was observed after 15 weeks post pollination. Percent somatic embryogenesis and embryo form was significantly affected by auxin type and concentration but not the embryogenic efficiency. MS medium proved to be better than WPM for embryo germination. In another interesting study, Mathews and Wetzstein (1993) established new methods to increase plant regeneration by repetitive secondary embryos formation which can efficiently produce large number of clonal plants suitable for establishment in greenhouse. Silver nitrate (29.43 Â µM) incorporation to WPM and application of 6-benzylaminopurine (100 Â µM) on shoot apices increased maximum shoot regeneration frequency with average frequency (20 %) of plantlet conversion up to a maximum of 71 % in cv. Mahan. Later, 70 80 % of the regenerated plants attained hardening stage and > 99 % of hardened plants were established successfully in the greenhouse. Later, Rodriguez and Wetzstein (1994) investigated callus production, embryo formation and embryo morphology in Pecan. Explants were cultured for one week on WPM with either NAA or 2, 4-D at a concentration of 2, 6 or 12 mg/litre and then subcultured on fresh basal medium. The best auxin treatment was 6 mg/l NAA in the induction medium, with 100 % somatic embryogenesis in cv. Stuart. Somatic embryos induced by NAA were shown to have relatively normal morphology than those induced by 2, 4-D. They reported that somatic embryo morphology affects plantlet conversion and NAA proved to be a superior auxin than 2, 4-D for the production of somatic embryos and their subsequent conversion to plants. In 1998, Rodriguez and Wetzstein critically compared morphological and histological aspects of Pecan somatic embryos induced on media with NAA or 2, 4-D. The media containing NAA or 2, 4-D has shown significant differences in the timing and pattern of initiation and development of somatic embryos. Embryos derived from callus cultures on NAA had normal morphology while those derived from cultures on 2, 4-D had higher incidences of abnormalities. Their study strongly revealed the multicelluar origin of embryos in contrast to earlier studies of somatic embryogenesis where embryos were defined as having single-cell origin (Street and Withers, 1974). Yates and Wood (1989) demonstrated organogenesis from immature embryonic axes in vitro in Pecan. Highest number of normal plants was produced from medium containing IBA, BA and kinetin at 0.5, 4.4 and 9.3 Â µM respectively. Shoots only were produced on a medium containing cytokinins only and rooting was observed on medium with no cytokinins. In cv. Desirable greatest number of axillary shoots were elongated from embryo axes on a medium containing cytokinin only, but both with auxin and cytokinins foe cv. Stuart. Later, Obeidy and Smith (1993), investigated organogenesis from mature Pecan cotyledons and embryonic axes. Embryonic axes at cotyledonary nodes formed 85 % microshoots and 30 % were rooted on an auxin-free medium after pre-culture in a medium with 20 Â µM IBA. Adventitious buds emerged on callus surface previously produced on medium containing TDZ (25 Â µM) from cotyledonary nodes and radicals. Kumar and Sharma (2005) induced somatic embryos from cotyledon explants of Walnut and Pecan. They cryopreserved these somatic embryos using non-toxic cryoprotectants, i.e., DMSO, glycerol and ethylene glycol and evaluated their survival percentage. Maximum survival percentage was observed with 5 % DMSO, 1.5 % glycerol and 3% ethylene glycol pre-treatment. In contrast, higher sucrose levels decreased survival rate and the embryos became necrotic. However, sucrose-desiccated somatic embryos pretreated with cryoprotectants survived better after one day in the liquid nitrogen. Somatic embryogenesis can be applied for efficient plant regeneration systems. It may also be utilized for introducing the genes of interest. Molecular markers can be used as a means of evaluating genetic stability of plants regenerated through tissue culture. Somatic embryos exhibit morphological features similar to zygotic embryos. Abnormal developments, however, frequently been observed and genetic fidelity of embryos is unknown. Therefore, the genetic fidelity of culture must be evaluated before somatic embryogenesis can be exploited. In such an interesting research work, Vendrame et al., (1999) evaluated the applicability of using AFLP analysis to assess the genetic variability in somatic embryos of Pecan (Carya illinoensis) and compared between and within embryogenic culture lines. They revealed that individual embryos derived from the same culture line exhibited high similarity and could be grouped together. However, within a culture line some embryo-to-embryo differences were also observed. They concluded that AFLP can be used as a reproducible technique to check the genetic variation among Pecan somatic embryo cultures. Larkin and Scowcroft (1981) were the first who designated variations in tissue-culture-derived plants as somaclonal variations. Somaclonal variations were also detected in Peach regenerates when developed from two different embryo callus cultures using RAPD (Hashmi et al., 1997). They suggested that genetic changes occurred during tissue culture. Brown et al., (1993) were also successful in genetically distinguishing among wheat suspension culture lines and also among regenerated plants through RAPD. Several studies have been reported to the use of molecular markers in understanding the Pecan genome. The genetic diversity of Pecan populations through isozyme system has been demonstrated by Marquard 1987, 1991; Marquard, et al., 1995; Ruter et al., 2000, 2001). Conner and Wood (2001) employed RAPDs for the identification of Pecan cultivars and estimate their genetic relatedness. The molecular evaluation of Pecan trees regenerated from somatic embryogenic cultures was carried out by Vendrame et al., (2000) using AFLPs. Grauke, et al., (2001) reported mean 2C genomic size of Pecan to be approximately 1.7 pg. Later, in another study, Grauke et al., (2003) evaluated simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for the genetic study of Pecan. Crespel et al., (2002) stated that molecular markers are valuable in perennial crops for the construction of linkage maps. Molecular linkage maps are successfully employed in many crops for directed germplasm improvement (Pearl et al., 2004). Recently, mo lecular linkage maps of several tree fruit and nut crops have also been produced, including Pear (Yamamoto et al., 2002), Apricot (Lambert et al., 2004) and Walnut (Fjellstrom and Parfitt, 1994). In such another interesting work, Beedanagari et al., (2005) reported a first genetic linkage map of Pecan using RAPD and AFLP markers. These maps are an important first step towards the detection of genes controlling horticulturally important characters such as nut size, maturity date, kernel quality and disease resistant (Conner, 1999). To initiate further work on Pecan, somatic embryogenesis has also been attempted by using cell suspension cultures. Regenerable suspension cultures established an attractive tool for the production of clonal plants and in studies involving genetic transformation. Previously, repetitive somatic embryogenesis was first reported in Pecan (Merkle et al., 1987) on solidified medium. Later, a number of research workers have improved the quantity (Wetzstein et al., 1989; Yates and Reilly, 1990) and quality (Wetzstein et al., 1990) of the somatic embryos through modified culture media and conditions. Though many improvement of the cultured media, not any previous report represented the development of somatic embryos in liquid medium. In liquid suspensions, synchronized development of the embryogenic cultures was one of the major advantage over the solidified cultures. In tissue cultures of Pecan, stable embryogenic suspensions have been developed by Burns and Wetzstein (1994). They induced pre-globular stage embryo masses on hormone-free liquid suspension cultures of Pecan to develop into somatic embryos on semi-solid medium. Effect of modified solid medium (various combinations of ABA, Maltose, casein hydrolysate and filter paper overlays) treatments on somatic embryo storage reserve accumulation was investigated. Embryos analyzed for triglycerides and protein contents showed significant reserve deposition for some treatments but associated with undesirable deterioration in embryo morphology. The treatment that enhances the reserve accumulation was identified promoting plant recovery from suspension-derived Pecan somatic embryos. Later, in another interesting work, Burns and Wetzstein (1997) developed a method for the establishment and proliferation of developmentally stable, embryogenic Pecan suspension cultures, presenting a major improvement in embryogenic tissue culture in Juglandaceae. The established suspension cultures consisted of a mixture of pre-globular, globular stage embryo aggregates and freely suspended globular embryos. Their studies revealed that cultures were repetitively embryogenic and proliferated in growth-regulator-free medium. Repetitive embryogenic cultures have also been reported in Juglans regia (Tulecke and McGranahan, 1985) and Juglans nigra (Neuman et al., 1993; Preece et al., 1995), related members of the family Juglandaceae. 2.1.4 Adventitious Regeneration Adventitious regeneration means the production of adventitious shoots and buds from tissue other than axillary buds, e.g., the cotyledonary explants. The most common explants for adventitious regeneration of woody plants are cotyledons. They may either be from mature or immature seeds and leaf tissue from in vitro cultures. Although adventitious regeneration is generally undesirable for clonal micropropagation, it can represent an excellent opportunity to regenerate plants from various tissues. Also the propagation rates can be much higher than axillary shoot formation (Chun, 1993). Adventitious shoot formation can also be used for overcoming reproductive barrier caused by sterile male/ female plants (Kantia and Kothari, 2002). Conventional propagation techniques for woody fruit species are slow and possess several difficulties due to long generation cycles and high level of heterozygosity (Sriskandarajah, et al., 1994). There is a need to develop in vitro methods that could be available to speed up the breeding process for crop improvement. Many woody plant species resisted the establishment of an efficient system for regenerating plantlets due to genetically driven in vitro recalcitrance (McCown, 2000; Shing et al., 2002). However, in vitro adventitious regeneration has been achieved from various plants of several woody tree species (Maggon and Singh, 1996; Nagori and Purohit, 2004). It was reported that under identical conditions the shoot regeneration percentage varied depending on the source and type of explants used (Gentile et al., 2002; Grant and Hammatt, 2000). A higher percentage of shoot regeneration was attained from juvenile leaf explants as compared to adult leaves in Prunus dulcis (Miguel et al., 1996). Regeneration has also been achieved from the leaves of apricot (Burgos and Alburquerque, 2003), black cherry (Hammatt and Grant, 1998) and sweet cherry (Matt and Jehle, 2005). Regeneration of adventitious shoots has been reported from immature cotyledons of Peach (Yan and Zhou, 2002) and Almond (Ainsley et al., 2001). In addition, regeneration using mature cotyledons has been reported for Peach (Pooler and Scorza, 1995), ornamental cherries (Hokanson and Pooler, 2000) and sweet cherry (Canli and Tian, 2008). Regeneration through adventitious shoot formation was achieved in Feronia limonia using hypocotyls segments by Singhvi (1997). In vitro studies for Pecan improvement throughout the world are scanty. However, adventitious regeneration was reported in some members of the family Juglandaceae, e.g., Juglans nigra (Neuman et al., 1993) and Juglans regia (Chvojka and Reslova, 1987). This phenomenon may be of particular significance for extremely recalcitrant woody plant species such as Pecan also. Long et al., (1995) reported an unexpected observation that was the production of adventitious shoots from the cotyledonary explants of Juglans nigra, placed on WPM medium containing 2, 4-D and TDZ. Obeidy and Smith (1993) showed similar adventitious buds arising from callus cultures of mature Pecan (Carya illinoensis) embryonic tissues. Their shoots were regenerated from explants placed on MS medium with 25 Â µM TDZ. Later, in the experimental work of Neuman et al., (1993), no shoot organogenesis were recorded when immature cotyledonary explants were placed on WPM medium containing 2, 4-D and TDZ. However, Preece observed shoot organogenesis in Juglans nigra (unpublished data) from cotyledonary explants placed on WPM medium containing 2, 4-D and TDZ. Adventitious shoots were readily multiplied through axillary shoot proliferation. Biotechnology utilizing adventitious regeneration may also present a new opportunity for the improvement of woody plant species. 2.1.5 Novel Micropropagation Methods Previous tissue culture work involved micropropagation of cuttings obtained from seedlings or buds of trees grown under field conditions. The rooting of these shoots is slow or they may not be rooted as well. On the other hand, contamination was another major constraint encountered when these shoots are used for in vitro cultures. Shoots taken from outdoor usually have microbes in tiny cracks of bark, not removed through disinfestations causing in vitro contamination of cultures (Preece and Read, 2003). Therefore, some other relatively newer techniques have been developed that utilizes the parts of the plants (branch tips and/ or stem segments) during dormant season and force new growths in a greenhouse environment. These techniques, such as shoot forcing as well as forcing epicormic buds may provide a breakthrough in the micropropagation of woody plants as well as for herbaceous species. These forcing techniques also have the potential for commercial propagation of plants. Research has been conducted on shoot forcing for years but much focus was on shoot tip harvested from trees and shrubs during the dormant season (Read and Yang, 1991). For softwood shoot forcing, shoot tips of specific length (20-25 cm long) were cut, surface disinfested and placed in a solution containing 8- hydroxyquinoline citrate (8-HQC) and different growth regulators (Yang and Read, 1992, 1993). On the other hand, large branches (40 cm long) excised from juvenile portions of the trees and shrubs can also be used to force softwood shoots on a greenhouse media (Harmer, 1988; Cameron and Sani, 1994, Henry and Preece, 1997a, b). No forcing solution is used in this technique. These forced softwood shoots can be rooted as stem cuttings (Henry and Preece, 1997a). Softwood shoots can also be utilized as explants source for in vitro studies and micropropagation (Preece, 2003). Clonal propagation is achieved by culturing nodal explants taken from in vitro seedlings or form field-grown adult trees. Hence, for in vitro establishment of softwood shoots, there is a need to obtain explants with minimum of contamination. Read and Yang, (1988, 1989) disinfested the shoot tips treating with a solution of 0.78 % NaOCl containing Tween-20. Shoot tips were forced by placing in a forcing solution containing BA and GA3. They reported that the use of GA3 favored bud break and consequently increases multiple shoot production under in vitro conditions. Read and Yang (1991) later, forced softwood shoots from privet (Ligustrum vulgaris) and arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum) and tested different growth regulators in forcing solution for rooting of softwood cuttings. They reported that IBA increased number of roots per cuttings for both plants while root length increased only in Privet. On the other hand, GA3 decreased number of roots per cutting as well as reduced root length. Similarly, in another study, Read and Yang (1992) reported the influence of pre-forcing treatment on bud break and shoot elongation of lilac, Privet and Vanhoutte spirea. Their results revealed that pre-forcing treatments increased the percent bud break by 20 % and shoots were elongated 3.0 mm greater as compared to control. However, pre-treatment effect differed with the plant species. In 1993, Yang and Read forced Vanhoutte spirea stems in forcing solution containing 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (8-HQC), 2 % sucrose with different levels of BA and GA3 to observe their effects on in vitro cultures. They revealed that LS (Linsmaier and Skoog, 1965) medium supplemented with 5 Â µM BAP or 5 Â µM BAP + 1 or 5 Â µM IAA was found to be superior for the shoot forcing in Vanhoutte spirea. BAP addition to forcing solution enhanced shoot proliferation while GA3 reduces shoot establishment in vitro. Large stem segments having epicormic (dormant, latent or suppressed) buds cut during the dormant season can also be forced by placing in a suitable glasshouse medium. Large numbers of epicormic buds are present on stems of several woody tree species. Softwood shoots developed from epicormic buds on large stem segments can be used as stem cuttings in nursery industry (Cameron and Sani, 1994; Henry and Preece, 1997b). Henry and Preece, (1997a) investigated the production of softwood shoots and their subsequent rooting from maple species. The percentage of softwood shoot production varied considerably within the species and clones of genus Acer. However, greater (59 %) number of softwood shoots was rooted in red maple as compare to either in sugar (15 %) or Japanese maple (26 %). Furthermore, Henry and Preece, (1997b) studied the influence of length and diameter of large stem segments on the production of softwood shoots from epicormic buds of selected species of genus Acer. They concluded that both stem length and diameter influenced the production of softwood shoots. Their study revealed that stem segments ranging from 30 40 cm long with 5.2 7.6 diameters were best for the softwood shoot production. Preece et al., (2002) developed a system for the production of softwood cuttings during the dormant season. It provides a longer growing season to force and root softwood segments in mid to late winter during the year of propagation for plant growth, hence, advantageous over traditional propagation methods. They suggested that intermittent mist provides the most effective forcing environment. Juvenility seems to be an important factor and it is easier to propagate plants in the juvenile growth stage than the adult phase. Similarly, microshoots originated from adult black walnut were hard to root than that of juvenile origin (Heile

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Essay --

The idea of justice although obvious for philosophers like Locke, Rousseau, and John Rawls, proves itself to be a labyrinthine issue for Americans; nevertheless, ones thing is clear: the people are guaranteed the ability to pursue happiness. Sometimes searching for American equity juxtaposes the American Dream to the pursuit of happiness with a paralytic justice. However, justice in all forms plays a part through the governments duty; who does the government serve and protect? Despite this, opportunity continues to play a major role in correlation to the hopes and aspirations of many Americans; what freedoms to pursue happiness would Americans receive if they were striped of their rights? Justice is a means to an end-it's something done to achieve something else. It's the search for equal opportunity and protection of one's rights under the law. So then what's the destination of justice? For most people there is no destination but merely a trail or pursuit if you will. A pursuit of happiness. Happiness is a state of well being and contentment that is received alongside the individual, the community, and society. Individual justice can be seen in protecting one's rights from being infringed upon. In the case of Brown vs. EMA (2010), several parents pushed for the banning of selling violent video games to their minors. Playing violent video games is not illegal nor unconstitutional so then why should there be a fine for the sellers in correlation with every infraction? Why should the decision of one parent's lack to monitor and parent their child affect every single parent in the nation? In this case, most Americans saw their rights being infringed upon with a crippled form of justice. Individual justice is seen... ...ciety's duty to aid it's individuals and communities, who follow the law, in their quest for merriment. When man disavows opportunity cost and its intergenerational implications, they constrict the range of options available to current and future generations. In fact, the rights to liberty and the pursuit of happiness now become infringed. This becomes the duty of the sovereign: to promote equal terms to each individual within a community or more generally speaking, society. Without the balance of power offered between the government and the people, there would be no state of well being and contentment. Individual justice would be infringed through the neglect of one's rights, communal justice would't exist because there wouldn't be equal opportunity for man to thrive, and societal equality wouldn't be permitted because no one would be equal under the law.

Friday, July 19, 2019

The Life of William Carlos Williams Essay -- English Literature Essays

The Life of William Carlos Williams â€Å"Nothing whips my blood like verse.† These are the famous words of the great poet, William Carlos Williams. Williams was born on September 17, 1883 in Rutherford, New Jersey. He spent most of his life in Rutherford, so today he is a local hero. Williams’ mother was Puerto Rican and almost had pure Spanish blood. His father was American. As a child, Williams’ dad was a salesman and was often away from home. Thus, they didn’t see each other very much. When Williams was four, he attended school in Switzerland and France for three years. Then his family moved back to Rutherford. Williams started writing poetry at Horace Mann High School, in New York City. His parents loved literature and the visual arts, so Williams had a large vocabulary and a gift for writing poetry. Even though Williams’ parents were all for literature, they wanted him to become a doctor. So in high school, Williams decided he would go to medical school but continue to write poe try. Williams soon was accepted into the University of Pennsylvania Medical School and went off to college. At the University of Pennsylvania, he stuck to his word, practicing medicine and writing poetry. His parents really influenced him to study to become a doctor so Williams worked extremely hard. In college, Williams was befriended by poet Ezra Pound. He was the main person who encouraged him to continue writing poetry. Williams would come to his dormitory every night and Ezra would help him. Slowly, Ezra developed him into a great poet. After Williams completed his studies, he had his heart set on both writing poetry and a medical career. Three years later (in 1909) Williams’ first poems were published. A year after that Williams began a private medical practice in Rutherford, something which lasted for over 40 years. Every day he’d practice medicine, and then come home around one o’clock in the morning and write poetry. By 1912, his medical practice had given Williams the financial freedom to write what he wished. Williams started writing poetry all day. Many of these poems got published, and during the 1920’s-1950’s, he was venerated by other poets because he rejected formalism. Over this period of time Williams received many awards and published many other poems. Williams also married Florence Herman in 1912. Sadly, Williams Carlos Williams died on March 4, 1963. He may... ...or answer. Even though back when Williams’ published his first poems they seemed different and strange, they caught on and were loved. Today, many poets use Williams’ techniques. There were dozens of poets to choose from for the ORP, but out of all of them I chose William Carlos Williams. The main reason I chose Williams as my poet was because he’s my dad’s all-time favorite poet. He had many of his poetry books and information about him, so if I had any questions my dad knew all the answers. When I first started reading Williams’ poems, I thought they were rather strange. But as my dad explained how he wrote and what some of the poems meant, I started really understanding his poetry and now he is my favorite poet. From reading Williams’ poetry, I have learned one extremely special and important thing about writing poetry. That you don’t always have to write about things that have a message to have a great poem, you can write about random objects and still have a wonderful poem. I would recommend Williams to more advanced readers who really understand poetry and already know a little bit about his past, because knowing Willi ams’ background really helped me understand his poetry. The Life of William Carlos Williams Essay -- English Literature Essays The Life of William Carlos Williams â€Å"Nothing whips my blood like verse.† These are the famous words of the great poet, William Carlos Williams. Williams was born on September 17, 1883 in Rutherford, New Jersey. He spent most of his life in Rutherford, so today he is a local hero. Williams’ mother was Puerto Rican and almost had pure Spanish blood. His father was American. As a child, Williams’ dad was a salesman and was often away from home. Thus, they didn’t see each other very much. When Williams was four, he attended school in Switzerland and France for three years. Then his family moved back to Rutherford. Williams started writing poetry at Horace Mann High School, in New York City. His parents loved literature and the visual arts, so Williams had a large vocabulary and a gift for writing poetry. Even though Williams’ parents were all for literature, they wanted him to become a doctor. So in high school, Williams decided he would go to medical school but continue to write poe try. Williams soon was accepted into the University of Pennsylvania Medical School and went off to college. At the University of Pennsylvania, he stuck to his word, practicing medicine and writing poetry. His parents really influenced him to study to become a doctor so Williams worked extremely hard. In college, Williams was befriended by poet Ezra Pound. He was the main person who encouraged him to continue writing poetry. Williams would come to his dormitory every night and Ezra would help him. Slowly, Ezra developed him into a great poet. After Williams completed his studies, he had his heart set on both writing poetry and a medical career. Three years later (in 1909) Williams’ first poems were published. A year after that Williams began a private medical practice in Rutherford, something which lasted for over 40 years. Every day he’d practice medicine, and then come home around one o’clock in the morning and write poetry. By 1912, his medical practice had given Williams the financial freedom to write what he wished. Williams started writing poetry all day. Many of these poems got published, and during the 1920’s-1950’s, he was venerated by other poets because he rejected formalism. Over this period of time Williams received many awards and published many other poems. Williams also married Florence Herman in 1912. Sadly, Williams Carlos Williams died on March 4, 1963. He may... ...or answer. Even though back when Williams’ published his first poems they seemed different and strange, they caught on and were loved. Today, many poets use Williams’ techniques. There were dozens of poets to choose from for the ORP, but out of all of them I chose William Carlos Williams. The main reason I chose Williams as my poet was because he’s my dad’s all-time favorite poet. He had many of his poetry books and information about him, so if I had any questions my dad knew all the answers. When I first started reading Williams’ poems, I thought they were rather strange. But as my dad explained how he wrote and what some of the poems meant, I started really understanding his poetry and now he is my favorite poet. From reading Williams’ poetry, I have learned one extremely special and important thing about writing poetry. That you don’t always have to write about things that have a message to have a great poem, you can write about random objects and still have a wonderful poem. I would recommend Williams to more advanced readers who really understand poetry and already know a little bit about his past, because knowing Willi ams’ background really helped me understand his poetry.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

The Result of Sin Essay -- Literary Analysis, The Scarlet Letter.

Sin is the â€Å"wrongful conduct of a moral code selected by either society or the transgressor.† Sin is one of the main themes in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter. The Puritan society that Hester Prynne resides in does not accept people who deny to follow the moral code of the town. Throughout the novel three main characters are involved with the act of sin, Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale and Roger Chillingworth. Adultery by definition is voluntary having sexual intercourse between a married person and someone other than his or her lawful spouse. It is part of the ten commandments and a law that the Puritan village frowns upon. During the Puritan time period, crimes for adultery ended in execution. However Hester is only forced into wearing the scarlet letter due to the unknown information of who her husband and her lover were. Through adultery Hester Prynne and her daughter are forced to reside to the outskirts of town and be neglected by the rest of society. Hester is forced to wear the scarlet letter embroidered to her chest. This is to symbolize the adultery she has committed. "It [has] the effect of a spell, taking her out of the ordinary relations with humanity and enclosing her in a sphere by herself " (Hawthorne 49). This spell, the scarlet letter is "so fantastically embroidered and illuminated upon her bosom" (Hawthorne 49). The scarlet letter is what separates Hester from the rest of society because it symbolizes her sin. To make up for her sin Hester â€Å"bestowed all her superfluous means in charity, on wretches less miserable than herself†. (Hawthorne 76) However, although Hester tries her best to contribute to the less fortunate than even herself citizens continue to â€Å"[insult] the hand that [feeds] them†... ...t that out of the three characters Roger Chillingworth has the darkest conscience. This is apparent considering he feels no remorse or guilt from the people he is hurting. It is obvious that Roger does not think of the impact of his actions and does things for self gratification. There are many moral lessons demonstrated in the novel The Scarlet Letter. Hawthorne is able to get the point across that it is better to confess your sins rather than hide them. It may ruin ones reputation, or destroy a career, but it is better for yourself than to live in guilt forever. This is proven significantly through Hester Prynne at the end of the novel. Hester is able to overcome her sin and learn from her mistakes. She is discovered to be a woman who helps others and eventually regains the respect of the town. She is eventually is finally accepted by herself, society, and God.

Organizational chart Essay

The company that I worked for years ago that many people are familiar with was Target. I actually worked in different departments at Target such as the fitting room, the women’s department, the men’s department, electronics, house wares, customer service, and cashiering. I mostly worked at the front of the store at the service desk and cashiering. I would help customers with returns and exchanges, provide information, and cashing out customers products through the register. I really enjoyed the nature of the job. I got a sense of satisfaction when I helped customers and other employees if needed. I believe Target runs a functional organizational structure. An organizational structure consists of activities such as task allocation, coordination and supervision, which are directed towards the achievement of organization aims. I really enjoyed working there because Target would focus on certain categories within each store such as the store atmosphere, cash handling, loss prevention/safety and security, customer service, refunds and returns, visual merchandising, training, and inventoried and stock management. With these different categories that they focus on, make the company run smoothly and easy to work for. The Target store I worked, if you followed the rules then you had nothing to worry about and that’s what I did. That ended up with me being there for almost four years. The only reason I left was because I had finished school and got a job managing another company, other than that, I really liked working with Target.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Imagination

Is mood much Important Than Knowledge? The French philosopher Simons salubrious wrote, supposition and fiction make up more(prenominal) than three quarters of our satisfying life. The more you think ab surface this quote, the more you realize it is rather accurate. We atomic number 18 skirt by the creative predilections of millions of slew. They intrude into our unremarkable lives, from the books we read, to the television we watch, to the design of the last construct you saw. These manifestations of resource amaze become a part of not just our lives, only of our culture.This begs the question, how much of our lives and what we enjoy of our lives depends on this cl constantlyness to imagine? According to Albert Einstein, Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited to all told we now know and understand, while imagination embraces the entire world, and all there ever will be to know and understand. I however, disagree with Mr.. Einstein. There Is an Intrinsic race betwixt Imagination and knowledge, both relying upon the separate(a)s innovation to develop sassy Ideas. Once Imagination and knowledge rich person been defined, their Interrelation idler be more easily understood.Without Imagination, earthly concern would lack the ability to derive hot ideas, but without prior knowledge, they would not know how to go about putting the bracing ideas into execute. Every idea that imagination cogitates is establish upon knowledge of another idea. The Romans, for example, borrowed the idea for their aqueducts from other ancient civilizations and improve upon it. The settlement amidst knowledge and imagination in determine forward-looking ideas is so complex, that neither bottomland be deemed of greater importance than the other.To part comprehend the complex relationship between Imagination and knowledge, one must offset understand what they entail Individually. The Oxford Dictionary defines Imagination as the faculty or action of forming new Ideas, or images or concepts of outside objects not present to the senses. Imagination is the capacitance to retrieve something new, but not unaccompanied without precedent. Without this capability, earth would not form the psychical capacity to derive anything new and thusly would not be able to improve. unselfishness without imagination could no longer be conceiveed humankindity, as we would inbredly descend to the take aim of animals.Knowledge is described by the Oxford Dictionary as 1 . Facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education the theoretical or possible understanding of a subject. 2. Aw atomic number 18ness or familiarity gained by experience of a point or situation. Note that both definitions expressly state the requirement of experience as a prior necessity. This suggests that you cant make something out of nothing, there has to be a curriculum on which to begin and off of which to expand. E xistence. To begin, humans need imagination to acquire new knowledge.Without imagination in this respect, humans wouldnt have the understanding that there is in circumstance more knowledge to be acquired. even up if this were not so, imagination would still be required to develop a regularity of obtaining the new knowledge. Imagination is also essential in the acceptance of new ideas. manhood need the capacity to imagine the orifice of something other than what they know exists, in effectuate to accept the new knowledge. Now to consider the opposite side of the relationship imaginations dependency on knowledge. New ideas, the products of imagination, are improvements of alert ideas, or previous knowledge.Inventors affair their imagination to address a problem that they have happened upon in an attempt to resolve the issue. An term from The New Yorker by Malcolm Cald sanitary suggests that all inverters are actually attackers. The tweaked inherits things as they are, and has to push and snap them toward some more nearly correct solution. All new ideas are then based on a preexistent notion. Knowledge of that notion and its flaws as well as how to improve upon its flaws are requisite to come up with a new idea that is in theory, better than the revises one.A relatively well-known example of attackers in human history is the Romans. The Romans borrowed most of the ideas that most people now give them credit for from other ancient civilizations, notably the Greeks, Egyptians, Assyrian and Babylonians. One such(prenominal) improved upon invention that we use to this daylight would be plumbing. Roman aqueducts are celebrated for their efficiency and ingeniousness, yet they were first utilise in Egypt, Assyria and Babylon. The Romans simply took an idea they begrudge and improved upon it, using it to combat drouth and water their crops.The Romans improvements eventually led to our pas seul of plumbing, something indispensable in modern homes. The complexness of the interactions between imagination and knowledge are better understood after they have both been defined. Imagination is the capability to conceive a notion based upon pre-existing knowledge, whereas knowledge is obtained by imagination organism allowed to improve upon existing ideas. The Romans frequently improved upon pre-existing ideas borrowed from other civilizations, the results of which we still use today.Imagination and Knowledge are like dickens parts to a ricer, but you cant secure which part of the circle is which. They are interdependent, apiece relying upon the others existence to aide our society in thriving.