Education in Great Britain

————————————————- EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN 6/7. Great   Britain   does   not   have   a   written   constitution,   so   there   are   no   constitutional   provisions   for   education. The   system   of   education   is   determined   by   the   National   Education   Acts. Schools   in   England   are   supported   from   public   funds   paid   to   the   local   education   authorities. These   local   education   authorities   are   responsible   for   organizing   the   schools   in   their   areas   and   they   themselves   choose   how   to   do   it.Let’s   outline   the   basic   features   of   public   education   in  Britain. Firstly,   there   are   wide   variations   between   one   part   of   the    country   and   another. For   most   educational   purposes   England   and   Wales   are   treated   as   one   unit,   though   the   system   in   Wales   is   a   little   different   from   that   of  England. Scotland   and  Northern   Ireland   have   their   own   education   systems. Secondly,   education   in   Britain   mirrors   the   country’s   social   system:   it   is   class-divided   and   selective. The   first   division   is   between   those   who   pay   and   those   who   do   not   pay.The   majority   of   schools   in   Britain   are   supported   by   public   funds   and   the   education   provided   is   free. They   are   maintained   schools,   but   there   is   also   a   considerable   number   of   public   schools. Parents   have   to   pay   feesà ‚   to   send   their   children   to   these   schools. The   fees   are   high. As   a   matter   of   fact,   only   very   rich   families   can   send   their   children   to   public   schools   as   well   as   to   the   best   universities,   such   as   Oxford   and  Cambridge. Another   important   feature   of   schooling   in   Britain   is   a   variety   of   opportunities   offered   to   schoolchildren.The   English   school   syllabus   is   divided   into   Arts   (or   Humanities)   and   Sciences,   which   determine   the   division   of   the   secondary   school   pupils   into   study   groups:   a   Science   pupil   will   study   Chemistry,   Physics,   Mathematics   (Maths),   Economics,   Technical   Drawing,   Biology,   Geography;   an   Art   pupil   will   do   the   English   Language   and   Literature,   History,   foreign   languages,   Music,   Art,   Drama. Besides   these   subjects   they   must   do   some   general   education   subjects   like   Physical   Education   (PE),   Home   Economics   for   girls,   and   Technical   subjects   for   boys,   General   Science.Computers   play an   important   part   in   education. There   is   a   system   of   careers   education   for   schoolchildren   in  Britain. It   is   a   three-year   course. The   system   of   option   exists   in   all   kinds   of   secondary   schools. Besides,   the   structure   of   the   curriculum   and   the   organization   of   teaching   vary   from   school   to   school. Headmasters   and   headmistresses   of   schools   are   given   a   great   deal   of   freedom   i n   deciding   what   is   taught   and   how   in   their   schools   so   that   there   is   really   no   central   control   at   all   over   individual   schools.The   National   Education   Act   of   1944   provided   three   stages   of   education;   primary,   secondary   and   further   education. Compulsory   schooling   in   England   and   Wales   lasts   11   years,   from   the   age   of   5   to   16. After   the   age   of   16   a   growing   number   of   school   students   are   staying   on   at   school,   some   until   18   or   19,   the   age   of   entry   into   higher   education   in   universities   and   Polytechnics. British   university   courses   are   rather   short,   generally   lasting   for   3   years.The   cost   of   education   depends   onà ‚   the   college   and   speciality   which   one   chooses. Pre-primary   and   Primary   Education Nurseries. Primary   School. Streaming. The   Eleven   Plus   Examination. No   More   of   It? In   some   areas   of   England   there   are   nursery   schools  Ã‚  3   for   children   under   5   years   of   age. Some   children   between   two   and   five   receive   education   in   nursery   classes   or   in   infants   classes   in   primary   schools. Many   children   attend   informal   pre-school   play-groups   organized   by   parents   in   private   homes.Nursery   schools   are   staffed   with   teachers   and   students   in   training. There   are   all   kinds   of   toys   to   keep   the   children   busy   from   9   o’clock   in   the   morning   till   4   o’clock   in   the   afternoon   –   while   their   parents   are   at   work. Here   the   babies   play,   lunch   and   sleep. They   can   run   about   and   play   in   safety   with   someone   keeping   an   eye   on   them. For   day   nurseries   which   remain   open   all   the   year   round   (he   parents   pay   according   to   their   income. The   local   education   authority’s   nurseries   are   free.But   only   about   three   children   in   100   can   go   to   them:   there   aren’t   enough   places,   and   the   waiting   lists   are   rather   long. Most   children   start   school   at   5   in   a   primary   school. A   primary   school   may   be divided   into   two   parts   -infants   and   juniors. At   infants   school   reading,   writing   and   arithmetic   are   taught   for   about   20   minutes   a   day   during   the   first   year,   gradually   increasing   to   about   2   hours   in   their   last   year. There   is   usually   no   written   timetable. Much   time   is   spent   in   modelling   from   clay   or   drawing,   reading   or   singing.By   the   time   children   are   ready   for   the   junior   school   they   will   be   able   to   read   and   write,   do   simple   addition   and   subtraction   of   numbers. At   7   children   go   on   from   the   infants   school   to   the   junior   school. This   marks   the   transition   from   play   to   â€Å"real   work†. The   children   have   set   periods   of   arithmetic,   reading   and   composition   which   are   all   Eleven   Plus   subjects. History,   Geography,   Nature   Study,   Art   and   Music,   Physical   Education,   Swimming   are   also   on   the   timetable. Pupils   are   streamed   according   to   their   abilities   to   learn   into   A,   B,   ?   and   D   streams.The   least   gifted   are   in   the   D   stream. Formally   towards   the   end   of   their   fourth   year   the   pupils   wrote   their   Eleven   Plus   Examination. The   hated   11   +   examination   was   a   selective   procedure   on   which   not   only   the   pupils’   future   schooling   but   their   future   careers   depended. The   abolition   of   selection   at   Eleven   Plus   Examination   brought   to   life   comprehensive   schools   where   pupils   can   get   secondary   education. Secondary   Education Comprehensive   Schools. Grammar   Schools. Secondary   Modern   Schools. The   Sixth   Form. No   More   Inequality?.Cuts   on   School   Spending After   the   age   of   11,   most   children   go   to   comprehensive   schools   of   which   the   majority   are   for   both   —boys   and   girls. About   90   per   cent   of   all   state-financed   secondary   schools   are   of   this   type. Most   other   children   receive   secondary   education   in   grammar   and   secondary   modern   schools. Comprehensive   schools   were   introduced   in   1965. The   idea   of   comprehensive   education,   supported   by   the   Labour   Party,   was   to   give   all   children   of   whatever   background   the   same   opportunity   in   education.Only   about   20   per   cent   of   children   study   for   the   General   Certificate   of   Education,   Ordinary   Level   (GCE   ?-level). Most   children   do   not   pass   GCE   examinations. They   leave   school   at   16   without   any   real   qualification   and   more   often than   not   increase   the   ranks   of   unemployed   people. Pupils   of   modern   schools   take   their   Certificate   of   Secondary   Education   (CSE)   examinations   while   in   grammar   schools   almost   all   children   stay   to   sixteen   to   take   ?-levels. More   than   half   of   them   stay   on   to   take   ?-levels.Some   comprehensive   and   many   secondary   schools,   however,   do   not   have   enough   academic   courses   for   sixth-formers. Pupils   can   transfer   either   to   a   grammar   school   or   to   a   sixt h-form   college   to   get   the   courses   they   want. The   majority   of   schools   in  Scotland   are   six-year   comprehensives. Secondary   education   in   Northern   Ireland   is   organized   along   selective   lines   according   to   children’s   abilities. One   can   hardly   say   that   high   quality   secondary   education   is   provided   for   all   in  Britain.There   is   a   high   loss   of   pupils   from   working-class   families   at   entry   into   the   sixth   form. If   you   are   a   working-class   child   at   school   today,   the   chance   of   your   reaching   the   second   year   of   a   sixth-   form   course   is   probably   less   than   one-twelfth   of   that   for   the   child   of   a   professional   parent. Besides,   government   cuts   on   school   spending   caused   many   difficulties. Secondary   School   Examinations Time   for   Examinations. GCE. CSE. The   Sixth   Forms. CEE.GCSE Pupils   at   secondary   schools   in   England   (that   is,   pupils   between   the   ages   of   twelve   and   eighteen)   have   two   main   exams   to   worry   about,   both   called   GCE   —   General   Certificate   of   Education. They   take   the   first   one   when   they   are   about   fifteen. It’s   called   O-   level. There   is   an   exam   which   you   can   take   instead   of   ?-level:   it   is   called   the   CSE   (Certificate   of   Secondary   Education),   and   it   is   not   as   difficult   as   O-level. Most   pupils   take   ?-level   in   about   seven   or   eight   different   subjec ts.There   are   lots   of   subjects   to   choose   from   —everything   from   carpentry   to   ancient   languages. For   a   lot   of   jobs,   such   as   nursing,   or   assistant   librarian,   you   must   have   four   or   five   ?-levels,   and   usually   these   must   include   English   and   Maths. You   may   leave   school   when   you   are   16. But   if   you   stay   at   school   after   taking   ?-level,   you   go   into   the   sixth   form. The   sixth   forms   and   sixth-form   colleges   offer   a   wide   range   of   courses. Ordinary   level   alternative,   CEE   (Certificate   of   ExtendedEducation)   and   CSE   courses   are   offered   to   pupils   who   need   qualifications   at   a   lower   level. But   if   you   have   made   up   your   mind   to   gain   entry   to   a   university,   Polytechnic   or   college   of   further   education   you   have   to   start   working   for   the   second   main   examination   —   A-level. Most   people   take   ?-level   when   they   are   about   eighteen. It   is   quite   a   difficult   exam,   so   people   don’t   usually   take   it   in   more   than   3   subjects—   and   some   only   in   one   or   two   subjects. Three   ?-levels   are   enough   to   get   you   in   to   most   universities.For   others,   such   as   Oxford   and  Cambridge,   you   have   to   take   special   exams   as   well. A   new   school-leaving   certificate   is   planned,   however,   and   O-level   and   CSE   will   be   replaced   by   one   public   exam,   th e   General   Certificate   of   Secondary   Education   (GCSE). It   is   to   show   how   children   worked   throughout   5   years   of   secondary   school. 5. Parliamentary elections in the United Kingdom should be seen as a referendum on the performance of sitting MPs, not merely as a snapshot nationwide opinion poll determining party voting weights for the next Parliament.The electoral system affects the degree to which voters may hold their representatives to account for their actions in the previous Parliament; changes which would diminish this accountability mechanism should be resisted. The UK presently has a legislature whose unelected chamber better reflects the relative strength of the Labour, Conservative, Liberal Democrat and None of the Above parties. Conversely, if Labour and the Conservatives each won 50% of the vote, the other chamber would have a sizable Labour majority. 51% of the seats in the Lower House delivers 100% of t he power, and this can be captured by Labour on about 40% of the vote.Nevertheless, whenever Labour runs into opposition from the chamber which, in any other context, would be described as more â€Å"representative† by people who go in for that kind of thing, it threatens to force its legislation through under the Parliament Acts, on the grounds that the Lower House is more â€Å"democratic†. The Lower House  is  more democratic. Contrary to the self-serving views of the Liberal Democrats and other jejune supporters of electoral â€Å"reform†, what matters for democracy is not representativeness or proportionality, so much as accountability and responsiveness.When MPs behave in accordance with their constituents' wishes, this is to be preferred to their merely existing in party groupings of such sizes as best reflect their constituents' choices at the previous election. When discussing electoral reform in the UK, retaining a â€Å"constituency link† i s often posited as a requirement. That is to say, it is felt to be necessary that everyone should have an MP who is in some sense â€Å"theirs†, normally meaning that people are grouped into geographical areas and each area gets its own MP. A weaker version of this permits multiple MPs for each area.This is supposed to be good because it means that there's automatically someone in Parliament to go to with one's grievances. There is a much better reason why it happens to be good. If we merely say that everyone must have one or a small number of MPs, that does not imply that every MP must have his own constituency. The German federal electoral system and its antipodean imitator in New Zealand affords MPs who have no constituencies: they are elected from party lists and assigned in such numbers as ensure that the proportion of MPs in each party in the chamber match the proportion of the vote each party won.This category of MPs shares the same vice as MPs in a chamber fully elect ed by a proportional system: they can't be voted out of office directly. If your MP decides to go against the wishes of his constituents, they can contact him and say, â€Å"Hi, your majority at the last election was 2000; we, the undersigned 1001 who voted for you last time will vote against your party next time unless you buck the whip on this issue we care about. † The easier it is to do this, the more likely the behaviour of an MP will reflect the wishes of constituents.Don't believe the canard about votes not counting: every vote against the person who won counts against his majority and makes him more susceptible to pressure from his constituents before the next election. The electoral system can restrain this tactic. It works well under First Past The Post, and similar systems. Generally, increasing the number of MPs who represent a single constituency has the effect of making this tactic harder, as the punishment from electors may be spread across several MPs, especia lly if the electors cannot choose which MPs from a paricular party get the benefit of their vote.This is a notorious problem with the European Parliamentary elections in Great Britain: if some MEP is the ringleader for a particularly odious policy, she cannot easily be voted out without voting out the colleagues from her party. Even when a free choice on the preferential ordering of MPs is permitted, it is difficult to stop the disliked MP from riding back to election on the coattails of his more popular colleagues. So, in order of preferability, the electoral systems rank as follows: * First Past The Post, and Alternative Vote Single Transferable Vote in multimember constituencies * Proper Proportional Representation systems with open lists * Proper Proportional Representation systems with closed lists Having said all this, it must be stressed that electoral reform for the House of Commons should not be considered in isolation from the composition of the other chamber, and the rela tion between the Commons and three other institutions: the executive, the House of lords, and the courts.Some notes: Alternative Vote is the Australian name for a system which when used in single-member constituencies is identical to STV: electors rank the candidates in order of preference, and the least popular candidate is repeatedly eliminated until someone has over 50%; essentially, once a candidate is eliminated, a vote is regarded as counting for whichever remaining candidate was most preferred by its caster.The effect of this system tends to be obliteration of extremists without penalising or â€Å"wasting† protest votes. It should be noted that in the British debate, â€Å"Proportional Representation† is used to mean proper PR systems  and  STV/AV. The Australian Electoral Commission  used  to have an excellent webpage with a classification of all the electoral systems used in Australia's twenty-odd legislative chambers, but they've apparently improved it off their site now.Other fallacious views on electoral systems which it is useful to rebut at this juncture include the contention that FPTP entrenches a two-party system (in fact, the number of parties is contingent on the geographical concentration of voters), that AV in the UK in 1997 would have led to a larger Labour majority (only if you didn't tell people and the parties what the electoral system was in advance, otherwise the parties would have behaved differently), and that geographical constituencies are a relic of a bygone age and are being replaced by PR across Europe, or at least the world.FPTP is described by Hilaire Barnett in her militantly Anglosceptic tome on the British constitution as â€Å"still† existing in some dusty English-speaking corners of the planet; in fact some countries using PR have been moving towards constituencies: Italy did in the 1990s, and the Dutch are considering a similar move. 2. POLITICAL PARTIESThe idea of political parties first took form in Britain and the Conservative Party claims to be the oldest political party in the world. Political parties began to form during the English civil wars of the 1640s and 1650s. First, there were Royalists and Parliamentarians; then Tories and Whigs. Whereas the Whigs wanted to curtail the power of the monarch, the Tories – today the Conservatives – were seen as the patriotic party.Today there are three major political parties in the British system of politics: * The Labour Party – the centre-Left party currently led by Ed Miliband * The Conservative Party (frequently called the Tories) – the centre-Right party currently led by David Cameron * The Liberal Democrat Party (known as the Lib Dems) – the centrist, libertarian party currently led by Nick Clegg In addition to these three main parties, there are some much smaller UK parties (notably the UK Independence Party and the Green Party) and some parties which operate specifically in Scot land (the Scottish National Party), Wales (Plaid Cymru) or Northern Ireland (such as Sinn Fein for the nationalists and the Democratic Unionist Party for the loyalists). Each political party chooses its leader in a different way, but all involve all the Members of Parliament of the party and all the individual members of that party.By convention, the leader of the political party with the largest number of members in the House of Commons becomes the Prime Minster (formally at the invitation of the Queen). Political parties are an all-important feature of the British political system because: * The three main political parties in the UK have existed for a century or more and have a strong and stable ‘brand image'. * It is virtually impossible for someone to be elected to the House of Commons without being a member of an established political party. * All political parties strongly ‘whip' their elected members which means that, on the vast majority of issues, Members of Pa rliament of the same party vote as a ‘block'. Having said this, the influence of the hree main political parties is not as dominant as it was in the 1940s and 1950s because: * The three parties have smaller memberships than they did since voters are much less inclined to join a political party. * The three parties secure a lower overall percentage of the total vote since smaller parties between them now take a growing share of the vote. * Voters are much less ‘tribal', supporting the same party at every election, and much more likely to ‘float, voting for different parties at successive elections. * The ideological differences between the parties are less than they were with the parties adopting more ‘pragmatic' positions on many issues. In the past, class was a major determinant of voting intention in British politics, with most working class electors voting Labour and most middle class electors voting Conservative.These days, class is much less important be cause: * Working class numbers have shrunk and now represent only 43% of the electorate. * Except at the extremes of wealth, lifestyles are more similar. * Class does not determine voting intention so much as values, trust and competence. In the British political system, there is a broad consensus between the major parties on: * the rule of law * the free market economy * the national health service * UK membership of European Union and NATO The main differences between the political parties concern: * how to tackle poverty and inequality * the levels and forms of taxation * the extent of state intervention in the economy * the balance between collective rights and individual rights

Animism

The term â€Å"animism† is defined as the belief of a life-force existing within non-human forms. In other words, according the this idea, non-human forms such as thunder, rocks and trees are possessed by spirits and souls. The term, first developed as â€Å"animismus† by chemist/physicist Georg Ernst Stahl in 1832, defined as the â€Å"doctrine that animal life is produced by an immaterial soul†, was reintroduced in 1871 by English anthropologist Sir Edward Burnett Taylor to be defined as the â€Å"theory of the universal animation of nature†. The mass majority of animistic belief systems holds that the soul within the non-human form will be able to survive physical death. It is believed in some systems that the soul must journey to pass through to an easier world. In other systems, it is said that the soul would remain on earth as a ghost. There are also situations where it would return to earth in order to avenge its death. If murdered, the spirit would either assist in discovering the identity of its murderer or wreak vengeance for itself. A widespread belief of those who die a violent death is that the soul would become a dangerous spirit and endanger the lives of those who approach the haunted area of the its death. In literature, animism is most often used in mythology and folklore. The myths and folklore generally contain a magical or spiritual sense to the story. An example would be of the tale of the Pontianak. The Pontianak is a type of vampire in Malay folklore and Indonesian mythology. It is said that a woman who has died during childbirth becomes undead, seeking revenge and terrorizes villages. The use of animism is applied because the Pontianak is not human and has a spirit within. Many Urarina myths apply animism into their myths by portraying plants, inanimate objects, and animals as personal beings. An example would be of a Urarina deluge-myth, a myth of a great flood sent by a deity to destroy civilization as a punishment. It is said that a man had saved himself from the flood by climbing a tree. The man's wife had transformed into a termites' nest and was clinging onto the tree and their two sons had transformed into birds. Though the man's wife and sons are not in their human bodies anymore, their souls are still intact within their new form. Therefore, this myth applies the use of animism.

Fatal accident Essay

==Introduction Scenario 1 There has been a fatal accident- a student has been found drowned in hydro pool. What is the procedure? When a person is drowning, the air passages close to prevent water from entering the lungs. This also prevents air from entering the lungs, and therefore depriving the victim of oxygen and eventually leading to unconsciousness and death. As in all first aid, the key rule is to protect yourself. The student who is drowning can strike out and pull down even the most competent swimmer; dirty water can hide dangers such as metal rubbish with sharp edges; and cold water can cause muscles to cramp very quickly. If possible, reach to the student from the safety using a pole, rope, aid to enable him to help himself out of the water. If in doubt about your ability to rescue the person safely, call for emergency help. 1. Keep the person still after they have been pulled out of the water. Any type of movement can possibly cause additional injuries. 2. Seek out help immediately. Dial 911 or send out someone to dispatch an ambulance to the scene of the drowning. 3. Begin mouth to mouth resuscitation if the drowning victim is not breathing on his own. Quickly sweep his mouth to remove any foreign objects and then place his head tilted upwards. Breathe every few seconds through his mouth while holding his nose shut. 4. Continue breathing for him until he is able to breathe on his own. If vomiting occurs, clear the mouth and continue the mouth to mouth resuscitation. 5. Check the victim for a pulse. Place your fingers on the drowning victim’s neck and feel for a pulse. If there is none, you will have to begin CPR. 6. Allow the emergency personnel to take over once they arrive. They will be able to perform additional medical procedures on the victim as well as provide him with oxygen What you shouldn’t do: 1. Do not rescue a victim if you cannot swim yourself. It would not be helpful to the student or safe for you if you try to rescue a victim without knowing how to swim. Get help or throw a flotation device to the student. 2. Do not rescue a student if you feel the victim is too large for you to bring to safety. It would not be helpful if you reach the student but cannot move her. 3. Do not leave an active drowning student while you go to get help. Remember, it takes less than 1 minute for someone to drown. Scenario 2 A student you do 1:1 work with is very withdrawn. She looks like she hasn’t had a bath for days, has dark bags under her eyes and bruise marks on her wrists. What should you do? This can be a very delicate matter, when you’re dealing with a child and therefore the right procedures should be taken when dealing with these matters. What a staff would have to do is: – Remain calm & reassure the child – Look for a quiet place to talk to the child alone without pressuring her. – Tell the child that you may need to another member of staff & reassure her that she hasn’t done anything wrong and she’s not in trouble so she doesn’t worry. – Do not pressure them to say something and if they do, and that you’re glad that the child told you. – Inform the social  services and possibly the police. Some professionals such as doctors, nurses, police and school teachers are legally obliged to report suspected child abuse. Any person who believes on reasonable grounds that a child needs protection can make a report to the Victorian Child Protection Service. It is the Child Protection worker’s job to assess and, where necessary, further investigate if a child or young person is at risk of significant harm. The Child Protection Service is part of the Victorian Department of Human Services. It provides child-centred, family-focused services to protect children and young people from significant harm caused by abuse or neglect within the family. Potential signs of child abuse: If you work with children and young people, you can help to keep them safe by being alert for the signs or indicators of harm and taking appropriate action early. People who work with children and young people should pay attention to: †¢ Physical signs of abuse or neglect – these could include bruises, burns, fractures (broken bones), frequent hunger, sexually transmitted infection (STI) or poor hygiene. †¢ Behavioural signs of abuse or neglect – these could include showing little or no emotion when hurt, wariness of their parents, alcohol or drug misuse, age-inappropriate sexual behaviour, stealing food, excessive friendliness to strangers or wearing long sleeves and trousers in hot weather (to hide bruises). †¢ If the child discloses they have been abused. How to respond: Each situation is different. In considering the most effective response that will ensure the child’s safety and wellbeing, you may need to gather information and facts. This could include: †¢ Make notes – record what you observe. Date and sign the entry. †¢ Continue to observe – record what you observe, and date and sign each entry. †¢ Consult colleagues –  get support and advice from your colleagues and supervisors. Compare notes and brainstorm possible strategies. †¢ Develop action plans based on procedures – familiarise yourself with your employer’s procedures and processes about what to do. †¢ Talk to other agencies about helping the family – collaborate with or engage family support services, community health services, local government services, regional Department of Human Services/Child Protection contacts and Disability Services. You may want to call a case conference for professionals to discuss their concerns. †¢ Talk to the child – do this with respect for the child’s or young person’s need for privacy and confidentiality. †¢ Talk to the parent or parents – if you believe it will not jeopardise the safety of the child or young person. External bleeding External bleeding from a limb should be controlled by applying firm pressure to the wound. Also if available, the wound with a large pad and bandage, keeping the pressure on as much as possible. Also if the blood of the person is seeping through, apply another dressing on top, but do not remove the first one. Internal bleeding An internal bleeding is caused by a rupture of an internal organ, this could be things such as the spleen or kidney, can result from a blow to the abdomen. When an internal bleeding happens you would not see any blood loss at all, although there may be signs of bruising. It is sometimes difficult to know when a person is bleeding internally, especially in the absence of an injury. In most cases, however, internal bleeding is indicated by the presence of blood in the vomit, stool, or urine, or by coughing up blood. Extensive internal bleeding can result in shock. Symptoms to watch for include feelings of anxiety and light-headedness; fainting; dilated pupils; cold, clammy skin; paleness; rapid, shallow breathing; shortness of breath. The casualty may start to feel light headed and nauseous. – Lay the casualty down and raise their legs. Cover with a blanker or coat to retain heat. – Be prepared to resuscitation. Reporting of report After the student has been taking care of and being dealt with, it is the manager’s job to write up an incident report of the student explaining how the accident happened, and if anyone was to witness this accident. This report will have to be detailed to exactly what happened so it should have the date and time and place on the report to what happened so if the drowning can’t be explained then the police can take over and read the report of what exactly happened. If the manager or whoever was taking care of the student did not write up a report then no one will know what exactly happened to the student. Any first aid incidents that are dealt with in a work setting need to be recorded in the accident book, in case there is any query at a later date. The accident book should have a record of the person’s name and the casualty, the nature of the injury, the date and time and location of the incident and a record of first aid treatment given. However without a record of the accident, it is not possible to claim compensation. Accessing support for own emotional reactions after an emergency Staff involved in rescuing or even caring for casualties can find they are emotionally traumatised after the event. Rescuers therefore might experience flash backs of the incident which could give them nightmares. There are several organisations that offer support to both victims and emergency services personnel during and after incidents. These will include the Red Cross, the Salvation Army, and the women’s royal voluntary service. However sometimes counselling is required and it is always advisable to talk over the experience, even if this is not done in a formal session. When you see a person either drowning or either a child is abused the correct procedure should be taken in to action. You would have to be aware of your surroundings and keep in mind that health and safety is important. The first action you should take is call 911 if you see someone drowning so you get immediate help. You should notify a lifeguard if there is one close however is there is not a lifeguard then you should call 911 immediately. If no one is around then you you would have to help the student who is in  need for help by getting the student out of the water as fast as possible. The first respond you would do is to check if the student is breathing or not, as this is very important so you would have to check the pulse for 10 seconds. If you cannot find the pulse then you would need to start CPR and this is important because the person’s life is at stake. For an adult or child, place the heel of one hand on the center of the chest at the nipple line. You can also push with one hand on top of the other. For an infant, place two fingers on the breastbone. For an adult or child, press down about 2 inches. Make sure not to press on ribs. For an infant, press down about 1 and 1/2 inches. Make sure not to press on end of breastbone. Do 30 chest compressions, at the rate of 100 per minute or more. Let the chest rise completely between pushes. Once all the right procedures have been done, check again to see if the person had started breathing. And if they still are not breathing then repeat the procedure again. Whilst this is happening, make sure that the student is kept warm by removing wet clothing and keeping wrapped in blankets. A child that is always on their own, and have bruises on their wrist should be carefully investigated too, because a child would find it hard to trust anyone and also be scared that she may get in trouble so you would always have to reassure the child. To find out what exactly has happened to the child you would need to make her believe that she can trust you, and always reassure her that she is not in trouble. The first sign when you find out that the child is being neglected you would need to inform the staff members, and then call the social services when it is agreed that the child has been abuse and neglected. If the matter is very serious then the police would have to get involved and act what’s best for the child safety needs.

Waterhouse Friderichsen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Waterhouse Friderichsen - Essay Example As the discussion highlights the hypothetical case study will be a 35-year-old female patient who was found with signs and symptoms associated with Waterhouse Friderichsen. A 35-year-old female patient got admitted after showing signs of high-grade fever accompanied by chills and vomiting over a period of 7days. The patient also had a skin rash on the abdomen and trunk, which appeared on the 5th day of infection. Following admission, the patient developed a hemorrhagic rash. On assessing the family history, there was no any significant information to associate the infection with family history. Medical examination revealed that the patient was unstable, and there was the presence of cyanosis. The patient was afebrile with a pulse rate of 90/min and a systolic BP of 70mmHg. From this paper, it is clear that neurological examination revealed positive signs of Kerning and Brudzinski. There were rashes all over the body but predominated on the abdomen and trunk. Collection of CSF was done under aseptic conditions and its processing is done under standard bacteriological procedures. Microscopy on CSF was done routinely, and a cell count of 9400/mm3 was reported. Of the total cell count, 86% were polymorphs while 14% were lymphocytes. An increase in CSF proteins to 309mg% and a decrease in glucose to 20mg% were reported. A Gram stain preparation of the CSF revealed pus cells accompanied with gram-negative diplococcus. CSF cultures were done on MacConkey agar, chocolate agar, and blood agar and incubated overnight. After overnight incubation, there were tiny translucent colonies on blood agar and chocolate agar. Standard bacteriological procedures identified the tinny translucent colonies to be those of Neisseria meningitides. A CT scan conducted on the patie nt confirmed adrenal hemorrhage, which is present in Waterhouse Friderrichsen syndrome. Antibiotic sensitivity using 5 antibiotics showed no resistance to any of the antibiotics under examination.

Family study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Family study - Essay Example I hated the light as I felt them to be too bright for eyes and causing irritation. I did not like people and voices as I felt them to be too loud. I had a really bad mood accompanied by a lower patience level. Even the jokes came to me as taunts. I could not focus on any of my work whole day. I would feel great displeasure in the start but as I have seen people, it would become a routine for me. The affection and natural feelings for one’s own child might mitigate the negativities associated with sleepless nights. However, I feel the experience would affect my personal and close relationships like with my spouse for not taking the responsibility of the child or helping me out to fight with the stress I would be going through. It sure will call for sharing the duties and responsibilities. Nighttime chores have a lot to do with a person’s following day’s activities, moods and interactions as learnt from the activity. I believe that rationality and mutual understanding would call for the willingness to share this duty. I believe I would be able to convince my spouse on sharing

Definition of Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Definition of Success - Essay Example Success is about demonstrating superiority in the form of capabilities. Success is characterized by self-development, strong commitment, learning, cooperating and mastery of tasks. Success is doing work as best as one can to achieve the goal set by the superior and feeling happy. For example, a team leader who develops a product that fulfills the needs of customers is deemed successful. Also, a junior officer who gets promoted after hard work and dedication is deemed successful. Success is goal related set by oneself or others. If the person achieves that goal then they have been successful. Success is therefore the effort applied in achieving that goal. It is all about satisfaction, achieving the goal and being happy with it. A successful person exceeds the success criteria of the set goal in given timelines effectively and efficiently, with an optimum utilization of a set budget without violating the core values of the company or organization. According to this dimension, success can also be defined as the pleasant and powerful feeling of achievement that brings growth, improvement, development and getting better. For instance, if a person who wanted to establish a business succeeds in doing so, the person is said to be successful. Also, an individual who, for instance wanted to join college, ends up in joining one, such an individual has also achieved his/her goal and is deemed successful. Finally, if a department that was required by the production manager to produce 1,000,000 computers ends up producing 1,000,100,000 computers, such a department is deemed successful because they have not only achieved their goal but also surpassed it. This dimension I view success as becoming famous by achieving what I have set out to do. Here, success is defined by the contributions a person makes. I define it particularly by the good that I have contributed as well as by what is remembered about me who has finished the work. I often measured by the difference

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) - Essay Example Further, with the 16-detector row CT (16D-CT), the spatial resolution increased and the contrast medium efficiency improved. Finally, with the 64-detector row CT (64D-CT) scanner, a true isotropic high spatial resolution of the entire volume was possible. Thus, the multi-detector row CT angiography (MDCTA) has developed as an accurate method in assessing the peripheral arteries. Clinical history This is the clinical history of a 70-year old man who presented in the hospital with symptoms of pain in the calf muscle with walking that was relieved with rest. He also gave a history of diabetes and hypertension for the past 25 years. Although he was taking medication for both diabetes and hypertension, it was poorly controlled. Blood analysis revealed an elevated fasting and postprandial sugar values. Physical examination revealed an elevated blood pressure measurement. Examination of the feet revealed distal hair loss, trophic skin changes and hypertrophic nails. There was ulceration in the heel. Social history revealed that he was a chronic smoker for the past 30 years and had a sedentary lifestyle. His physician advised him to undergo a CT angiography and he presented in the radiology department for the same. Pathology Atherosclerosis, which primarily is a systemic inflammatory process, is the most common cause of PAD. Histopathologically, an atherosclerotic lesion is initiated with the appearance of fatty streaks, which initiates an inflammatory process. This promotes the deposition of cholesterol, and finally, plaque buildup (Garcia 2006). Plaque is made up of fat, fibrin, cellular waste products, cholesterol and calcium.

History vs. Hollywood Cleopatra VII Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History vs. Hollywood Cleopatra VII - Term Paper Example Hence, Hollywood’s version of history is a combination of both fact and fiction. The substance of this prose will focus on Cleopatra, one of the most celebrated personalities both in the ‘real world’ and the silver screen. The latter was portrayed by Elizabeth Taylor in the 1963 adaptation titled â€Å"Cleopatra†. The movie closely follows the actual events but as is expected, there are some aspects that are spiced up, exaggerated or simply omitted due to the lack of appeal. Contrary to eminent historians, Cleopatra’s flawless beauty is the prime theme of the movie that is actually why men were drawn towards her. However, in reality Cleopatra’s beauty was neither jaw-dropping nor capable of driving men insane. In truth, Cleopatra wasn’t the beautiful lass that Elizabeth Taylor depicted her to be; in fact, she was a physically unattractive woman, who used her wit and wisdom as her primary tools of seduction (Grout 2012). The characterization of Caesar was also erroneous as he had never wished to be made emperor or dictator; it had been one of the fears held by the senate that eventually lead to his assassination. Furthermore, the movie also depicted how Caesar and Cleopatra’s affair had become increasingly public and the fact that Cleopatra bore him a son named Caes arion. In the movie, it is shown that Caesar publicly accepts his illegitimate son, Caesarion. Whereas in reality, Caesarion was never acknowledged by Caesar and much to Cleopatra’s ire, Octavian; Caesar’s nephew was proclaimed his heir. Caesar and Cleopatra had never married each other unlike the movie depiction. Historians have stated that Cleopatra’s and Caesar’s relationship was more of a political alliance than a romantic one that suited both individuals; their relationship is greatly dramatized in the movie. Nevertheless, the movie plot still followed the actual events closely and it did incorporate some very interesting details of history. The method through

Cellular PathologyTissue Processing, Staining and Observation Essay

Cellular PathologyTissue Processing, Staining and Observation - Essay Example A staining schedule of action was put into use and this concerned the usage of ovary cell of Chinese hamster. This was done because they develop as a single layer and when ever they are kept in close vicinity there is a tendency to fuse and join together. Two very different techniques of straining were used for straining the cells. These cells were firstly worked with acridine orange and fluorescent microscope was used for viewing. In the second process the cells were worked with eosin and hematoxylin and were examined under microscope with a bright field. The entire process of staining and growth of the cells was done under a secured parameter of the Leighton tube. However, it can be mentioned that the tissues require processing for the reason that by working out the details of processing the tissues would reveal an improved amount of detail. The processing involves multiple steps that includes vital step of tissue water replacement with wax and the general format in the first stage is using the double stage. In this context the water removal process could be enumerated as the second stage and is specified as dehydration. Methol and ethanol alcohol is used in the next stages that include nucleic acids and proteins denaturing are involved along with chemical reactivity preservation with the addition molecule alteration. Shrinking comes into action with the use of alcohol and the tissues become brittle. To prevent this limited and several alcohol baths can be used with clearing agents like xylene and touleune. Specimen shrinkage can also be decreased by embedding them into resin. Embedding Centre Epoxyresin Aromatic polyhydroxy methacrylates HEMA or Glycolmethacrylate Cellulose tetranitrate or Celloidin Polyester or Ester and wax Wax soluble in water Low viscosity nitrocellulose or LVN Plastic resins Cryostat - Tissues that freezes slowly - Advanced freeze cabinet is used for freezing tissues - Thermoelectric module is used for freezing tissues. - Methods of Rapid freezing - Evaporating liquid used for freezing fast - Carbon dioxide cooling system - Cooling system with the use of frozen carbon dioxide - Liquid nitrogen cooling system While diagnosing tumours Cryostat sections are a preferable element and are a typical procedure in production of histological sections. Bright field Microscope It can be enumerated that the principal of staining is used because in general terms the larger number of tissues are basically colourless and that is the reason this method is used for identifying them. Eosin behaves at par with acidic dyes while Haematoxylin acts like a v in basic state. Both these elements tend to develop salt or electrostatic linkages with tissues that are ionized radicals. It should be mentioned that the acidophilic tissues are those who are attracted towards acid dye and on the other hand basophilic are the ones who acts with basic dyes. Haematoxylin is instrumental in staining the tissue components that are basophilic in nature and the reaction yields a dye purple. One such example is the nucleus. The reason behind this lies in the fact that the compositions are made up with acid glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans and nucleic acids. On the other hand cytoplasm pink is stained by eosin because

Concept Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Concept Analysis - Research Paper Example Last but not least, the nurse should inform patients about their discharge medications, how to take the medications, when to take them, and common side effects of such medications. Though this is what should be discussed, many times, the nurses in the emergency department that I work in simply hand the patients’ their discharge paperwork without going over it. This leads to patients calling the hospital from confusion of discharge instructions. This also causes patients to come back to the emergency department due to limited understanding of discharge instructions. For example, some patients may stop taking their antibiotics because they feel better, causing them to get worse. According to the Oxford dictionary, comprehension denotes ability to understand something. Thus, in the context of a hospital discharge instructions the requirement for the nurse is to ensure that the patient understands these instructions. Unfortunately, it has been observed that this is not always the case studies on this subject indicate that ninety million Americans have a problem comprehending their own medical care. One reason for this is that most health-related documentation is above the typical users reading capacity (McCarthy et al 2012). Additionally, published discharge directions are not written at apposite reading levels meaning that most of the emergency department patients fail to understand their instructions. The resolution to discharge a patient from the emergency department (ED) is not an easy one; however, it is fundamental that once the decision is made proper measures be taken to ascertain that the patient is well versed on how to continue with the care program. The ability to continue with the care program has many ramifications that exceed direct benefits to the individual in regard to health. Other benefits can also be linked to the healthcare system as poor comprehension means that patients are at an

Finance - Hedging Strategies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Finance - Hedging Strategies - Assignment Example The essence of hedging strategies is to reduce business risks while deterring the creation of additional risks. Multinational firms encounter a multitude of risks, particularly as a result of their competitive exposures across the globe. General Motors has along experienced competitive exposure due to the Japanese yen. This exposure has a lot to do with the depreciating Japanese yen. However, the company is yet to establish clear guidelines to deal with the competitive risk caused by the yen’s continued depreciation. In essence, the company’s hedging strategies do not provide lucid hedging strategy guidelines. General Motor’s treasurer and finance vice-president Eric Feldstein had to establish robust hedging strategies to counter the risk posed by the depreciating Japanese yen. General Motors was incurring substantial losses as a result of market changes with regard to the US dollar and Japanese yen (Desai & Veblen, 2006). General Motors, therefore, sought to min imize currency risk to maximize its profitability. GM established a passive policy that involved hedging half of its commercial exposures on a regional basis. This means that GM’s hedging strategy involved a clear distinction between commercial and financial exposures. GM defined its commercial exposures as cash flows related to its ongoing business, for instance, payables and receivables and its financial exposures as dividends and debt repayments. The primary purpose of GM’s overall hedging strategy was related to its foreign exchange risk management policy. This hedging strategy aimed at reducing the volatility between cash flow and earnings by hedging cash flows i.e. transaction exposures only and disregard translation (balance sheet) exposures. In addition, GM’s strategy aimed at minimizing the cost, as well as management time devoted to the management of global foreign exchange. This policy was an outcome of an internal audit, which showed that resource in vestment in active foreign exchange management had not led to substantial operation of passive benchmarks. This led to policy changes, as well as the adoption of a passive approach in place of the active one. Lastly, GM’s hedging strategy aimed at aligning the company’s foreign exchange management with GM’s operation of its automotive business (Desai & Veblen, 2006). This move reflected the assumption that financial management needs to conform to the geographic, operational footprint of GM’s overlying business. Overall, GM’s hedging strategy has effectively reduced its foreign exchange risks, enabling the company to operate efficiently in the Japanese market. JP Morgan is a US-based financial company that rolled out its business in other regions of the world. While companies establish hedging strategies to protect them from risks, particularly future risks, wrong practices can cost massive losses to a company. One such company is JP Morgan, which u sed derivatives as its primary hedging strategy resulting in losses of up to $ 2 billion. JP Morgan adopted the use of risky derivatives rather than less risky bonds used by its competitors such as Bank of America, Citigroup Inc. and Wells Fargo & Co. (Griffin & Moore, 2012). The later financial companies do not trade in credit-default swaps with regard to their indexes. However, JP Morgan accumulated massive credit-default indexes, which resulted in, price moves within the financial industry. Unlike JP Morgan, other financial industry players use

Robert Swindells Essay Example for Free

Robert Swindells Essay How does Robert Swindells make you feel sympathetic to the situation that homeless people find themselves? Robert Swindells makes you feel sympathetic in the book quite a lot. Here are some reasons: I think the main reason is because he uses first person narrative. The homeless character can say his opinion on the street because he has the most experience whereas the public and charity can only get facts and exaggerate. Link can also express the difficultness he faces in a diary. Swindells also makes the character say Emotive words which make it sound bad e. g.Link describes the sleeping really bad which make readers fell sorry for him. The first person narrative is good also because Link describes the story as if you were there. The book makes you feel sorry for Link because at the start it shows you how he had no choice but to be homeless because of his stepdad Vince. At the start it showed you how nobody cared about him and how he couldnt help for help or support. At first you think everything will be ok because his sister Carole helps him but the cliff-hanger makes you feel sorry as in the end he was still let down. You can also see how upset he was when he received a sleeping bag as it was a sign from his family saying hes homeless. The ending is quite sad because you feel upsetting knowing that most of the homeless will never get any better. I think he uses a bad ending to make people be more aware of the homeless and to make you even more he used a murder story. Theres also another bit at the last moment to make you so sympathetic when he finds out that Gails really a journalist. In the book it shows how hard it is for Link to get a job. Its shows each day go past making you feel sorry hes living rough because hes waiting for a job opportunity. In the end he cant find any and it shows him begging for money and how hard it is to encourage people to give and he describes them as: head-shakers, pocket-patters and shruggers. You feel sympathetic as these words are used. Showing the publics opinion makes you sad as they have a negative opinion about the homeless. The author is trying to show you what you might be like and trying to give you a positive opinion about the homeless. He also tries to show that its very hard to ask for help as its like hes invisible.

Rainfall Pattern in Enugu State, Nigeria

Rainfall Pattern in Enugu State, Nigeria CHAPTER ONE 1.0  INTRODUCTION Enugu State is located in the southeastern part of Nigeria created in 1991 from the old Anambra state and the principal cities in the state are Enugu,Agani,Awgu,Udi,Oji-River and Nsukka. The state shares borders with Abia and Imo State to the south, Ebonyi State to the East, Benue state to the Northeast, Kogi state to the Northwest and Anambra state to the West. Enugu, the capital city of Enugu state, is approximately 21/2 driving hours away from Port Harcourt where coal shipments exited Nigeria. The word â€Å"Enugu† (from Enu Ugwu) means â€Å"the top of the hill†. The first European settlers arrived in the area in 1909, led by a British mining engineer, named Albert Kitson. In his quest for silver, he discovered coal in the Udi Ridge, colonial Governor of Nigeria Frederick Lugard took keen interest in the discovery, and by 1914 the first shipment of coal was made to Britain. As mining activities increased in the area, a permanent cosmopolitan settlement emerged, supported by a railway system. Enugu acquired township status in 1917 and became strategic to Britain interests. Foreign businesses began to move into Enugu, the most notable of which were John Holt, Kingsway Stores, British Bank of West Africa and United Africa Company. From Enugu the British administration was able to spread its influence over the southern province of Nigeria. The colonial past of Enugu is today evidenced by the Georgian building types and meandering narrow roads within the residential area originally reserved for the whites, an area which is today called the Government Reserved Area (GRA). The state Government and the Local government are the levels of government in Enugu state and have 17 Local Government areas. Economically, the state is predominantly rural and agrarian, with a substantial proportion of its working population engaged in farming, although trading (18.8%) and services (12.9%) are also important. In the urban areas trading is the dominant occupation, followed by services. A small proportion of the population is also engaged in manufacturing activities, with the most pronounced among them located in Enugu, Oji, Ohebedim and Nsukka. The state boasts of a number of markets especially at each of the divisional headquarters, prominent of which is the Ogbete Main market in the State capital, Electricity supply is relatively stable in Enugu and its Environs. The Oji River power station (which used to supply electricity to all of Eastern Nigeria) is located in Enugu state. The state had a population of 3,267,837 people at the census held in 2006 (estimated at o ver 3.8 million in 2012), it is home of the Igbo of southeastern Nigeria. The average temperature in this city is cooler to mild (60 degrees Fahrenheit) in its cooler months and gets warmer to hot in its warmer months (upper 80 degrees Fahrenheit) and very good for outdoor activities with family and friends or just for personal leisure. Enugu has good soil-land and climatic conditions all year round, sitting at about 223 meters (732 ft) above sea level, and the soil is well drained during its rainy seasons. The main temperature in Enugu state in the hottest month of February is about 87.16 0F (30.64 0C), while the lowest temperatures occur in the month of November, reaching 60.54 0F (15.86 0C). The lowest rainfall of about 0.16 cubic centimeters (0.0098 cu in) is normal in February, while the highest is about 35.7 cubic centimeters (2.18 cu in) in July. The differences in altitude and relief create a large variation in climate in various regions of the country. In places that are characterized as semi-arid zones, climate shows wide fluctuation from year to year and even within seasons in the year. Semi arid regions receive very small, irregular, and unreliable rainfall (Workneh, 1987). The annual cycle of the climatology of the rainfall over tropical Africa and in particular over Nigeria, is strongly determined by the position of the Inter Tropic Convergence Zone (ITCZ) (Griffiths, 1971). Variations in rainfall pattern throughout the country are the result of differences in elevation and seasonal changes in the atmospheric pressure systems that control the prevailing winds. The climate of Nigeria is characterized by high rainfall variation (Yilma et al., 1994). In Nigeria, several regions receive rainfall throughout the year, but in some regions rainfall is seasonal and low making irrigation necessary (Alemeraw and Eshetu, 2009). Rainfall is the most critical and key variable both in atmospheric and hydrological cycle. Rainfall patterns usually have spatial and temporal variability. This variability affects agricultural production, water supply, transportation, environment and urban planning, thus, the entire economy of a country, and the existence of its people. R ainfall variability is assumed to be the main cause for the frequently occurring climate extreme events such as drought and flood. These natural phenomena affect badly the agricultural production and hence the economy of the nation. In regions where the year-to-year variability is high, people often suffer great calamities due to floods or droughts. Even though damage due to extremes of rainfall cannot be avoided completely, a forewarning could certainly be useful (Nicholls, 1980). Nigeria is one of the countries whose economy is highly dependent on rain-fed agriculture and also facing recurring cycles of flood and drought. Current climate variability is already imposing a significant challenge to Nigeria in general and Enugu in particular, by affecting food security, water and energy supply, poverty reduction and sustainable development efforts, as well as by causing natural resource degradation and natural disasters. Recurrent floods in the past caused substantial human life and p roperty loss in many parts of the country. Methods of prediction of rainfall extreme events have often been based on studies of physical effects of rainfall or on statistical studies of rainfall time series. Rainfall forecast is relevance to the agriculture sector, since it contributes significantly to the economy of countries like Nigeria. In order to model and predict hydrologic events, one can use stochastic methods like time series methods. Numerous attempts have been made to predict behavioral pattern of rainfall using various techniques (Yevjevich, 1972; Dulluer and Kavas, 1978; Tsakiris, 1998). Awareness about the characteristics of the rainfall over an area such as the source, quantity, variability, distribution and the frequency of rainfall is essential for the implication in utilization and associated problems. Assessing rainfall variability is practically useful in making decision, risk management and optimum usage of water resources of countries. Thus, it is important to obtain accurate rainfall forecast at variou s geographic levels of Nigeria and work towards identifying periodicities in order to help policy makers improve their decisions by taking into consideration the available and future water resources. In this study, univariate Box-Jenkins methodology to build ARIMA model are used for assessing the rainfall pattern in Enugu State based on data from Nigerian Meteorological Agency. 1.1 Weather and Climate Weather and climate over the earth are not constant with time: they change on different time series ranging from the geological to the diurnal through annual, the difference between weather and climate is a measure of time. Weather is what condition of the atmosphere over a short period of time and climate is how the atmosphere behaves over relatively long period of time. Seasonal and intra-seasonal time scales. Such variability is an inherent characteristic of the climate. The study of climatic fluctuations involves description and investigation of causes and effects of these fluctuations in the past and their statistical interpretation. Much of the work done is about variability of the two important meteorological parameters: rainfall and temperature. Rainfall is a term used to refer to water falling in drops after condensation of the atmospheric vapor. Also rainfall is the resultant product of a series of complex interactions taking place within the earth-atmosphere system. Rainfa ll is only water that falls from the sky, whereas precipitation is any wet things that fall from the sky, which include snow, frozen rain.etc. Water in all its forms and in all its various activities plays a crucial role in sustaining both the climate and life. It is also a major factor for planning and management of water resource project and agricultural production. Even though Nigeria enjoys a fairly good amount of rainfall, wide variability in its distribution with respect to space and time are responsible for the two extremes events (floods and droughts) (Yilma et. al,1994). 1.2 Rainfall Characteristics Rainfall varies with latitude, elevation, topography, seasons, distance from the sea, and coastal Sea-surface temperature. Nigeria enjoys the humid tropical climate type. Because of its location just north of the equator, also, Nigeria enjoys a truly tropical climate characterized by the hot and wet conditions associated with the movement of the inter-Tropical convergence Zone (ITCZ) north and south of the equator. While there is a general decrease in rainfall in Nigeria, the coastal area is experiencing slight increase. Apart from the general southward shift in rainfall patterns, the duration has also reduced from 50-360 (1993-2003) to 30-280 (2003-2013) rainy days per year. This has created ecological destabilization and altered the pattern of the vegetation belt especially in the northern part of the country. The rainfall pattern has also enhanced wind erosion and desertification, soil erosion and coastal flooding in the north, east and coastal areas of Nigeria respectively. The country experiences consistently high temperatures all year round. Since temperature varies only slightly, rainfall distribution, over space and time, becomes the single most important factor in differentiating the seasons and climatic distribution are however dependent on the two air masses that prevail over the country. Their influences are directly linked to the movement of the ITCZ, north and south of the equator. The two air masses are the Tropical maritime(Tm) and the Tropical continental (Tc). The former is associated with the moisture-laden south-west winds (south westerlies) which blow from the Atlantic Ocean, while the latter is associated with the dry and dusty north-east winds (easterlies) which blow from the Sahara Desert. Conversely, with the movement of the ITCZ into the Northern Hemisphere, the rain-bearing south westerlies prevail as far inland as possible to bring rain fall during the wet season. The implication is that there is a prolonged rainy season in the far south, while the far north undergoes long dry periods annually. Nigeria, therefore, has two major seasons, the lengths of which vary from north to south. The mean annual rainfall along the coast in the south-east is 4000mm while it is 500mm in the north-east. Nigeria can, thus be broadly divided into the following climatic regions: the humid sub-equatorial, in the southern lowlands the hot tropical continental, in the far north the moderated sub-temperate in the high plateaus and mountains the hot, wet tropical, in the hinterland (the middle-belt ) 1.3 The main effects of Rainfall Trends in rainfall extremes have enormous implications. Extreme rainfall events cause significant damage to agriculture, ecology, and infrastructure. They also cause disruption to human activities, injury, and loss of life. Socioeconomic activities including agriculture, power generating, water supply, human health, etc. are also very sensitive to climate variations. As a result, Nigeria economy is heavily dependent on rainfall for generating employment, income, and foreign currency. Thus, rainfall is considered as the most important climatic element that influences Nigeria agriculture. The severity and frequency of occurrence of rainfall extremes events (meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural) vary for different parts of the country. Drought: Drought is an insidious hazard of nature. It is often referred to as a â€Å"creeping phenomenon† and its impacts vary from region to region. Drought can therefore be difficult for people to understand; it is equally difficult to define, because what may be considered a drought in, say, Bali (six days without rain) would certainly not be considered a drought in Libya (annual rainfall less than 180 mm). Some drought years have coincided with EN events, while others have followed it. According to DDAEPA (2011) the trend of decreasing annual rainfall and increased rainfall variability is contributing to drought conditions in Nigeria Administration. The average annual rainfall patterns of Abuja for the periods 1999 to 2008 and 1984 to 1991 show two important trends. First, annual average rainfall has declined from the mean value by about 8.5% and 10% respectively. Secondly, the variability of rainfall shows an overall increasing trend, suggesting greater rainfall unreliab ility. These rainfall patterns have led to serious drought/flood episodes throughout the Administration. Flood: Floods are known as the most frequent and devastating natural disasters in both developed and developing countries (Osti et al., 2008). Between 2000 and 2008 East Africa has experienced many episodes of flooding. Almost all of these flood episodes have significantly affected large parts of Ethiopia. Ethiopia’s topography characteristics has made the country pretty vulnerable to floods and resulting destruction and damage to life, economic, livelihoods, infrastructure, services and health system (FDPPA, 2007). Flooding is common in Ethiopia during the rainy season between June and September and the major type of flooding which the country is experiencing are flash flood and river floods (FDPPA, 2007). Like other regions of Nigeria, the issue of flood continues to be of growing concern in Enugu especially to peoples residing in lowlands, along or near the flood courses as well as village located at the foot of hills and mountains. Flood disasters are occurring more frequently, and having an ever more dramatic impact on Enugu in terms of the costs on lives, livelihoods and environmental resources. The topography of Enugu Administration mainly consists of mountains and hills with steep slope, valleys, and river basins. The catchment characteristics accompanied with its large area coverage coupled with torrential rain fall during the short and long rainy season had been the main factors that contribute to the pervious flood events. Soil Erosion: when soil moves from one location to another, it is referred to as soil erosion. The impact of rainfall striking the surface can cause soil erosion; erosion is a concern for farmers as their valuable, nutrient rich top soil can be washed away from rainfall. It can also weaken structures such as bridges or wash out roads. Vegetation can decrease the amount of soil that is eroded during a rain. Erosion has been going on and has produced river valleys and shaped hills and mountains. Such erosion is generally slow but can cause a rapid increase in the rate at which soil is eroded (i.e. a rate faster than natural weathering of bedrock can produce new soil). This has resulted in a loss of productive soil from crop and grazing land, as well as layers of infertile soil being deposited on formerly fertile crop lands: the formation of gullies: silting of lakes and streams, and land slips. 1.4 Aim and Objectives of the study The main aim of this study is to analyze rainfall pattern in Enugu State using appropriate time series methods based on 15 years (January, 1999-Decimeber, 2013) data recorded at Nigerian Meteorological Agency (Enugu State). Specific Objectives 1. To fit appropriate time series model to the monthly rainfall data. 2. To forecast the rainfall pattern in the study area. 1.5  Data source The monthly rainfall data in millimeters for the period January, 1999 to December, 2013, collected from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (Enugu State) were used in the study. The site was chosen due to availability of relatively long series of meteorological data, the data is a secondary data. 1.6 Significance of the Study Knowledge of what happens to the water that reaches the earth surface will assist the study of many surface and subsurface water problems, for efficient control and management of water resources. For a country like Nigeria, whose welfare depends very much on rain-fed agriculture, a quantitative knowledge of water requirements of the region, availability of water for plant growth and supplemental irrigation, etc. on a monthly or seasonal basis is an essential requirement for agricultural development. In this regard, increased capacity to manage future climate change and weather extremes can also reduce the magnitude of economic, social and human damage and eventually, lead to better resistance. Assessing seasonal rainfall characteristics based on past records is essential to evaluate rainfall extreme risk and to contribute to development of mitigation strategies. Therefore, a reliable rainfall forecasting and assessing behavior at station, regional and national levels is very importan t.

Role of Client Servicing in Infrastructure Company

Role of Client Servicing in Infrastructure Company PREFACE Companies with a high customer retention rate know the value of client servicing. Essentially, this is the process of creating and maintaining a strong working rapport with each customer. Often referred to as customer care, it is about understanding the needs and desires of the customer, and moving to meet those needs in a proactive manner. While there are a number of client service programs on the market today, there are a few elements that form the basis for any type that is effective. One of the most important keys is providing the client with people who know the account well and are able to be of assistance whenever needed. This means looking beyond the data that is gathered during the sale cycle. Client servicing dictates that the vendor develop a working knowledge of the goals of the customer, the conditions that the client works within, and what expectations must be met in order to keep the client. Many companies make the mistake of securing a new customer, then never allow the sales contact to introduce other support personnel to the new client. Often referred to as a handoff, this allows the customer to be incrementally migrated from relying on the sales contact and begin to develop a relationship with customer care professionals. The idea is to help the new client understand that he or she has a support team that is in place for the long haul. CONTENTS Introduction Objective of study Role of A client servicing executive Introduction to Infrastructre Company. Research methodology Conclusion Bibliography INTRODUCTION Advertising offers very interesting, lucrative and mentally satisfying career options. Over the last 5-6 years the business of adverting has increased manifolds. Before you plan to enter the field you need to know how a typical advertising agency is structured. Generally, the various departments are: * Client Servicing/Account Management * Media Planning * Creative, which includes: Copy writers Visualisers Client Servicing/Account Executive Client Service Executive: As the name explains, you will act as the bridge between the client and the agency. You will speak to the client to get a brief understanding of what he/she wants. In addition you will also study the market for the product or service for which the advertisement is being made, analyse market dynamics, target customers, their needs and behavioural patterns, the competing product, buying patterns of customers and various other market related factors. After going through the entire process the Client Service Executive then prepares the brief which will be used by the creative, account planning, and media planning department of the agency. Over cups and cups of coffee youll brainstorm about the product features, the target market and customers, strategy what the ad will speak, how it will speak and other relevant details to decide the right concept for the advertisement. It will then be taken over by the creative people, visualisers and the media-planning department who will prepare a presentation for the client. It is only after the clients approval that the ad lands at the production table. Client servicing executives are also called Account Executives. As a trainee in this department you will report to the Vice President – Accounts or an Accounts Director. The top boss plans business expansion (bringing in more clients by approaching various companies), implements the plans with the help of Account Executives; and controls all the activities. His basic duty is to coordinate all the activities relating to development and implementation of advertising campaigns. Just under the Vice President/Director Accounts are senior and junior Account Executives. In big agencies there may be a few Account Supervisors who look after big corporate accounts. Ranking wise Account Supervisors are directly below the Vice President/ Director Accounts. A number of Account Executives report to the Account Supervisors. Youll interact daily with existing as well as new clients. Some big agencies also have a different department called Account Planning department headed by Senior Manager/Manager Account Planning. Senior Account Executives get to work here. What is a client Servicing Executive? Client servicing executive should generate new clients Advertising agency runs by getting new clients or retaining their existing clients and help in branding their services through effective advertising solutions. Hence, client servicing becomes the most vital part of an agency. Client Servicing Department The major focus of a client servicing department lies on: Generating new clients Enhancing existing customer relationship Public relationship Client servicing department is a crucial part of any advertising agency which deals with television, print, radio or Internet. Client Servicing Executive Client servicing executive acts as the bridge between the client and advertising agency. He represents what the agency is all about and what it is capable of. The client servicing executive is responsible for all the communications that happens between the client and the agency. Responsibilities of a Client Servicing Executive The client servicing executive is responsible for handling queries from the clients. Should take down briefnotes from the client and make the desired changes as per the client’s needs by communicating to the creative team. Have an in depth knowledge about the clients products, brand, culture, market position and their overall needs/services. Should have exemplary communication skills, so as to increase the comfort levels of the client. The client servicing executive should ensure that the client stays with the advertising agency for a longer period of time. Responsible for generating business and billing from the client. Attributes of Client Servicing Executive Coordinates with all the departments in the agency and clients, besides staying calm under pressure Should possess good managerial, presentation and exceptional communication skills Should spend ample amount of time with the client, fulfilling their needs and requirements Attend meetings with the clients when there is a need and jot down the brief of the session Client servicing executive should be well groomed and properly attired Client servicing executive is the face of an advertising agency. Hence, recruiting an appropriate client servicing executive will enhance your business needs. How to Define a Good Client Service? Businesses function when they have customers or clients, and businesses survive and expand when they have good client service. Good client, or customer, service is a hallmark of respected businesses, to the extent that several organizations, including the Customer Service Institute of America, give annual awards to companies that provide excellent service to the people who keep their business going. Defining good client service is largely a matter of placing the customer first and making business decisions that allow the company to respond to market changes and provide customers with the best service possible. Step 1 Provide customers with the best service you can in a timely manner. Bear in mind that your clients do not want to be kept waiting. If you promise a product or service within a certain amount of time, be sure to provide it within that time, or offer the customer something to apologize for the time extension. The word will spread about a business that keeps its promise to deliver on time. Step 2 Place the customer needs first by listening to what the customer needs. Companies that listen to their customers are more likely to hear what the customer wants and thus be able to respond effectively. Listen to the client’s needs, and respect anyrequestsor recommendations of the client. Doing so will show the client that his needs are your first priority. Step 3 Include a guarantee with the product or service that you sell. Show your customers that you stand by your product or service, and that you are willing to guarantee its quality. Be willing to provide corrections or replacements if the product or service is not what the customer wants. Doing so can actually bring you further business, when the word spreads that you work hard to please your customers. Step 4 Add new technology where appropriate. The latest and greatest technological advances are not necessary for every business. But some elements of technology can prove to be very useful in providing excellent client service. For instance, specialized software can help you keep track of customer orders better and locate products from your inventory that customers need. Apply technology where it will help you service your customers better. Step 5 Respond immediately to client questions and comments. Provide a stated turnaround time for all client communication; for example, promise that your business will respond within 24 hours. Although some wait time might be necessary, be sure to keep the wait time as short as possible to demonstrate to clients that you take their communication seriously. Step 6 Let your customers know that you appreciate their business. Send thank-you notes, or keep a client address list to send out cards at the holidays or birthdays. Doing so places a human face on your business and creates a family atmosphere for the company. Infrastructure and client servicing Infrastructure Client Services Infrastructure Client Services is the new amalgamation of Infrastructure Services and Client Services. One component designs and manages the campus telephone and data networks and services; operates NetID, email, and other campus accounts; administers co-located servers and virtual storage space; and runs campus administrative production jobs. The other component are the customer-facing units of UITS which provide services to students, faculty, researchers, and staff, including computer labs, online learning, multimedia services, high-performance computing, the 24/7 IT Support Center, workshops and training, departmental workstation support, web development, IT assessments and service agreements, classroom technologies and more. More detailed information: Infrastructure Client Services: Infrastructure Client Services supports the core building blocks for IT projects and services on the University of Arizona campus. Their function plays a critical role by enabling a service-centric IT delivery model. Infrastructure Client Services is the central computing infrastructure for facilities and services which support numerous computing and network system for the institution. Student, faculty and staff rely on systems and resources from Infrastructure Client Services to effectively connect, collaborate and create. This group enables applications, processes, operating models, enterprises and extended enterprises. Some of Infrastructure Client Services Offerings Include: Data Center Services: provides stewardship of both academic and administrative data as well as tools for date presentation, visualization, analysis, and collaboration. Management of all platforms including Mainframe, Open System Servers, System Programmings, High-End Cluster Solutions, Production Scheduling and Control, Enterprise Backup and Storage, System Management, Global Management Center (GMC), SAP Basis Support, Web Hosting Services, Production Integration and Change Management. Network Services: LAN/WAN Configuration/Support, Firewall Configuration/Support, Remote Access Services, Network Management and Operations Management Desktop Services: Electronic Desktop Management, Collaborative Computing (Lotus Noters, Exchange, Backbone Messaging Services, Portal Support and Middleware) and Field Services Other Services: Directory Services, Identity Management, and Productivity Applications like email and calendaring. Determines standards and Best Practices for Infrastructure Development within UITS. Promotes Compatible Standards and Best Practices across Campus IT Infrastructure Groups. Develops reusable components for use in Infrastructure Solutions, Project Management, Architecture and Design Engineering, Global Security Services and Asset Management Functions of Infrastructure Client Services: Responsive: with technology, management systems and operations built and optimized to sense and respond to the unique needs of enterprise applications unlilke traditional approaches that retrofit legacy voices or computing infrastructures Cost Effective: based on scale economies from operations and technology that can deliver secure slices of a massively scalable IT platform Managed: with both visibility and control through web-basedportals COMPANY PROFILE Kairos Infraventure is a newly launched company in Lucknow. So, working towards building it a brand was a task in its own. We had to find out new and innovative ways to promote it and make it reach a level up to the customers satisfaction and reach its goal towards reaching the audience and fulfilling the needs and wants for them and, building an empire for themselves. For the promotion of Kairos we used the local newspapers ,radio and distribution of the pamphlet’s and generate awareness among the public . The main idea for promotion was to provide something to the public that hasn’t been given to them before. To carter the consumers and make their plans according to the needs and wants, so that they can provide them with want they want. Infrastructure is the largest growing industry .with many companies coming up and making this industry rise and shine ,towards a future . With the help of effective client servicing the company can gain many clients and increase their business by huge leaps and bounds. Along with good client servicing the campaign should be advertised to the maximum possible reach. because for every company the maximum amount of audience or public you reach the more chances of increasing clients . Also.as the infrastructure company is growing a great amount ,Kairos has to provide something unique in its own plan to the proposed clients for them to invest in them. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter aims to understand the research methodology establishing a framework of evaluation and revaluation of primary and secondary research. The techniques and concepts used during primary research in order to arrive at findings; which are also dealt with and lead to a logical deduction towards the analysis and results RESEARCH DESIGN The research design applied here was exploratory research and descriptive research. Exploratory Research is one in we don’t know about the problem, we have to find about the problem and then work on solving the problem. Whereas in case of descriptive research, we know the problem, we just have to find the solution to the problem. Generally descriptive research design is applied after exploratory research design. Here after doing the secondary research, we found the general perception about the retail baking but then in second phase we tried to figure out where the difference lies and on what basis the banks differ from each other RESEARCH TOOL Research tool The purpose is to first conduct a intensive secondary research to understand the full impact and implication of the industry, to review and critique the industry norms and reports, on which certain issues shall be selected, which remain unanswered , this shall be further taken up in the next stage of secondary research. This stage shall help to restrict and select only the important question and issue, which inhabit growth and segmentation in the industry. DATA COLLECTION: Both primary and secondary data have been collected very vigorously Secondary data: it is collected by the study of various reports. The reports studied under secondary data. THE RESEARCH REPORT The report is the result of a survey which was undertaken in Lucknow city. The objectives of the project has been fulfilled by getting response from the customer associated to these segments through a personal interview in the form of a questionnaire. The responses available through the questionnaire are used to evaluate the requirements for the upcominf infrastructure Companies and the willingness of the customer to purchase its products on future. The project also covers an analysis of the switch over of customers to competitors products in the market. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM The problem formulation is the first step to a successful Research process. Project undertaken the problem of analyzing the customer satisfaction level of the KAIROS and to find the Consumer wants and needs from the upcoming companies THE RESEARCH DESIGN The research design used in the project is exploratory design. The investigation is carried upon the customers in Lucknow city. The reason for choosing this design is to get responses from the customers so that their perception about the products of the company and their loyalty could be predicted. THE DATA SOURCE The data has been taken from two sources Primary data source The primary data source has been collected through questionnaire by personally interviewing each respondent on a number of queries structured in a questionnaire. Secondary data source Secondary data was collected from following sources Prior research reports Websites Books Newspaper Personal consultation THE AREA OF WORK The field work is conducted in the Lucknow city CONCLUSION With the past experience of working in Kairos for about one and a half month. The experience and exposure which I gained from the institution has not only helped me to broaden my knowledge about advertising, public relations and client servicing but has also given me a hands on experience on how and what to be done and through what ways can the clients be managed, and also the various things which are required to be asuccessful person in this field. The main factor that works in promoting any industry is how well is the company advertised and what is the reach of the company.how many people actually know about the company when the go in the market looking among the other companies.what is it the customer or client wants and what are they looking for. Do we have what our client wants? Are we providing our customers with something new and different or just following along the old guidelines. All these factors are meant to be kept in mind well before starting anything, because at the end of the day your success and failure only depends on your customers. REFERENCE Hiebert, R.E., Ungurait, D.F., and Bohn, T.W. (1988).Mass Media: An Introduction to Modern Communication, NY, Longman. Johnston, J. and Zawawi, C. (eds.) (2000), Public Relations: Theory and Practice, NSW, Allen Unwin. Kwansah-Aidoo, Kwamena (2001), GSC2410 Public Relations Theory and Processes, Victoria, Monash University. Lasswell, H. (1948) cited in Littlejohn, S. (1989), Theories of Human Communication Belmont, Wadsworth. Leedy, P.D. (1997), Practical Research: Planning and Design, (6th edn), NJ Prentice Hall. Mackey, S. (2000), ‘Public Relations Theory’, in J. Johnston and C. Zawawi (eds), Public Relations: Theory and Practice, Sydney, Allen Unwin.

Speech on The Underworld in Greek Mythology :: Ancient Greece Greek History

Speech on The Underworld in Greek Mythology The Underworld, better known as Hades after the god who ruled it, was a dark and dreary place where the shades, or souls, of those who died lived. In the next few minutes, I will tell you about how one came to die, the topography of the Underworld, and the beings whom dwelled there. Your whole life was planned and plotted by the Fates. The Fates were the three goddesses who controlled the destiny of everyone from the time they were born to the time they died. They were: Clotho, the spinner, who spun the thread of a person's life, Lachesis, the apporitioner, who decided how much times was to be allowed each person, and Atropos, the inevitable, who cut the thread when you were supposed to die. When Atropos cut your thread you were dead and then you made your journey to Hades. Upon death, the shade is lead by Hermes to the entrance of the Underworld and to the banks of the Acheron. There were five rivers that made up the Underworld. They were the Acheron (the river of woe), Cocytus (the river of lamentation), Phlegethon (river of fire), Lethe (river of forgetfulness), and the Styx (river of hate). This poem, written by an anonymous writer, was written about the rivers in the Underworld. "Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly hate, Sad Acheron of sorrow black and deep; Cocytus named of lamentation loud Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegethon Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage. Far off from these a slow and silent stream, Lethe, the river of oblivion, rolls Her watery labyrinth, whereof who drinks Forthwith his former state and being forgets, Forgets both joy and grief, pleasure and pain." When one would die, the family would place one obol, or a coin, under the deceased's tongue. This coin would pay as fare to Charon who would ferry the dead over the Acheron River. Charon is the ferryman who is often depicted as an old sulky man, or as a winged demon carrying a double hammer. Those who cannot afford to pay Charon were doomed to wonder the banks of the Acheron River for one hundred years. Guarding the Underworld was the three-headed dog Cerberus. He permitted new spirits to enter, but never one to leave. When you arrived at the Underworld, three judges determined your sentence.

Cruel Intentions Essay -- essays research papers

The film â€Å"Cruel Intentions,† directed by John Hughes, is a fast-paced glimpse into the lives of New York yuppies whose entire existence revolves around money, power, sex, and drugs. Hughes’ direction for the movie concentrates on those who prey on innocence and will stop at nothing to achieve their ambitions. The story centers on Sebestian, played by Ryan Phillipe, whose main intention in life is to sleep with, and ruin the reputations of, girls whom he labels â€Å"Manhattan’s insipid debutantes.† Using his good looks, charm and vast wealth, he manipulates the naà ¯ve ladies found in his elite private school, Manchester Prep, as easily as a ten year-old boy manipulates Tetris pieces on his Game Boy. Phillipe is perfect for the part. He executes Sebestian’s dry humor and wry wit flawlessly. His raw good looks and style captivates every room he enters, not to mention the fact that he has no problem whatsoever wearing the threads of those meticulous Armani outfits with such class that Prince William could take notes. However, Sebestian holds a burning flame for his cunning step-sister Katherine, played by Sarah Michelle Gellar. She is well aware of Sebestian’s forbidden desire and, in her own conniving way, uses it to bait Sebestian and make him her own puppet. Gellar also plays her part right on cue. She brings Katherine to life, emphasizing her snobby accent and fake goodiness, while all the while snorting cocaine from her misconceiving rosary that she wears around her neck. By b...